Lower Extremity
What are the ottawa ankle and foot rules?
1) inability to WB when walking 4 steps, 2) pain when palpating posterior edge or tup of lateral malleolus, 3) pain when palpating posterior edge or tip of medial malleolus
FOOT RULES INCLUDE: pain when palpating base of the 5th and pain when palpating navicular
What joint is involved in the piano key sign?
Acromioclavicular (AC)
What does Vitamin A do?
-vision
When spine boarding what strap do you first and which one is Last?
hips
head
What type of modality should be avoided with an acute injury?
heat
What joint is considered the Lisfranc joint/ are involved in a Lisfranc injury?
Tarsometatarsal joint
Describe a Bankart lesion
-avulsion of anteroinferior labrum, portion of anteroinferior glenoid rim, common w/ anterior dislocations
-results in high incidence of recurrent dislocations
Describe myopia
nearsightedness, from longer than normal eye, A distant object is focused in front of retina instead of on it
What is the pattern called that can appear on skin after a lightning strike?
Lichtenburg
What are the first cells to the scene of an injury that only lasts a few hours?
neutrophils
What is the mechanism for a PCL injury?
hyperextension or a blow to anterior tibia when PF (DF when falling on anterior tibia), dashboard injuries, fall onto a flex knee w/ foot in PF
What is a boutonniere deformity?
pathology: avulsion or rupture of extensor digitorum tendon
-pseudoboutonniere deformity: rupture of volar plate
-impairment: extension of MCP and DIP joints and flexion of PIP joint
What is the recommended A1C level?
recommended value is lower then 6.5%-7%
Explain exertional rhabdomyolysis
breakdown and necrosis of skeletal muscles resulting in subsequent release of intracellular contents (electrolytes, myoglobin, potassium, creatine kinase, etc.) into the circulatory system
What is the beam nonuniformity ratio?
degree of varying intensity in the ultrasound beam, lower BNR is better cuz more uniform beam
Describe the cotton test/lateral Tamar glide
One hand grasps the ankle mortise proximal to the tibiofibular joint line, stabilizing the distal leg but not compressing the syndesmosis
Opposite hand cups the calcaneus and talus
Force applied to move talus laterally
+: increased lateral movement of the talus relative to the opposite side
Implications: distal tib-fib syndesmotic sprain
Pinch grip test is indicative of entrapment to what nerve?
-indicative of entrapment of anterior interosseous nerve between heads of pronator muscle
What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis?
high fever, stiff neck, intense headache, sensitivity to light and sound, altered mental status
DVT starts Most commonly where and travels to where?
deep vein clot that dislodges and travel, primary cause of a pulmonary embolism (PE)
What are the 4 phases of repair?
hemostasis and inflammation 2) epithelialization 3) proliferation 4) remodeling
How long do you hold the dorsiflexion-eversion test for tarsal tunnel syndrome?
5-10 seconds
Describe a monteggia fracture
proximal 1/3 of ulna w/ associated dislocation of radial head
What medication name should you use for viral infections?
acyclovir (zovirax), valacyclovir (valtrex)
What should the athlete avoid after insulin use?
hot and cold
What is Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
forces fluid out of the capillary