bone structure
The tissue bone is made of and the composition of the tissue.
what is osseous connective tissue
• Specialized cells
• Solid extracellular matrix with collagen fibers
The five general functions of the skeletal sysem.
what is:
1. Anchorage
2. Structure
3. Protection
4. Storage of mineral and fats
5. Make blood cells
The meaning of appositional growth and interstitial growth.
What is growth in diameter and growth in length, receptively.
Caused by shortened achilles tendon, exaggerated longitudinal arch, rotated medially and inverted, 1/1000 births, more common in boys, ponseti treatment: series of braces that stretch out the tendon.
what is clubfoot
the three fused bones that make up the hip bone
what is
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
The bone matrix composition and the importance of their balance.
What is:
- collagen fibers of osteoid that provide strength and slight flexibility (About 1/3 of bone mass)
and
- hydroxyapatite crystals formed from calcium that provide hardness (About 2/3 of bone mass)
if these components come in the right amounts, bone is extremely strong and durable without being brittle!
The effect of exercise on bones.
what is mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress, heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger, weight-bearing exercise stimulates
osteoblasts
The two components of bone remodeling.
what is:
Bone resorption: osteoclasts secrete acids and digestive enzymes at ruffles border which break down old bone
Bone formations: osteoblasts lay down calcium fibers and mineral deposits where bone was broken down.
The nine types of fractures.
what is:
Transverse
Displacement
Comminuted
Green Split
Colles
Potts
Spiral
Compression
Epiphyseal
what is
Female skull: lighter, tall (less sloped), smoother, smaller
The six classifications of the bones and an example for each
what is:
1. Short: carpal bones
2. Sesamoid: patella
3. Sutural: (don't need to know?)
4. Long: radius, ulna, femur, etc.
5. Irregular: vertebrae
6. flat: parietal bone
The effect of nutrition (vitamins...) on bones.
What is vitamin A for osteoblast activity, vitamin C for collagen fiber production, and vitamin D for synthesizing the hormone calcitriol in the kidneys which is needed for ion absorption in digestive tract.
Phosphate and calcium ion important for normal growth and maintenance.
the four type of bone cells and their functions.
what is:
Osteogenic cells: make way for all other bones cells, mitotically active, some stay osteogenic cells, stimulated to become osteoblasts
Osteoblasts: bone building cells, mitotically active, ossification, produce/secrete osteoid and calcium binding proteins, which when bind to calcium make little crystals which make way for hydroxyapatite crystals
Osteocytes: mature bone cells, for stress resistance, sit in lacunae, provide support for external stimuli such as weightlessness or impact.
Osteoclasts: bone breaking cells in charge of resorption, secrete enzymes and acids at ruffled borders to dissolve bone and release minerals. Mitotically active
three spine curvature abnormalities
Scoliosis: s or c sideways shape
Lordosis: over arches back, lumbar curved inward.
Kyphosis: hunchback
The fibrous sheet that connects lateral margin of ulna to radius
what is the interosseous membrane
The difference compositions of spongy and compact bone.
what is:
Spongy
Trabeculae: lamellae, osteocytes, canculi
Yellow and red bone marrow in between trabeculae
Compact
Central canal
Perforating canal
Osteon: osteocytes in lacunae, canaliculi, concentric lamella
Circumferential lamellae
Interstitial lamellae
The functions of the Inferior Nasal Conchae.
What are slow inhaled air, air turbulence in the nasal cavity, increased epithelial surface area to warm and humidify inhaled air.
The steps in intramembranous ossification.
what is:
Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts
Osteoblast become osteocytes: spicules
Spicules surrounded by blood vessels
Osteoblasts deposit bone in between blood vessels making spongy bone
Compact bone forms
Three types of abnormal bone development and what they mean.
what is
Pituitary dwarfism: Lack of growth hormone (GH) leads to short bones
Gigantism: Results from overproduction of GH before puberty
Acromegaly: Results from excess GH after epiphyseal closure (wide )
the seven tarsal bones
what is
1. Talus
2. Calcaneus (heel bone)
3. Cuboid
4. Navicular
5. Medial cuneiform
6. Intermediate cuneiform
7. Lateral cuneiform
The composition of short, irregular, and flat bones.
what is a "sandwich" of spongy bone in between compact bone.
Periosteum: double-layered membrane
Outer layer, has nutrient foramen, for other connective tissues to attach to bone,
Inner: has osteogenic cells
Perforating: made of collagen fibers bundles
Endosteum:
Mostly line medullary cavity,
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Also has osteogenic cells
The important parts and functions of the infant skull.
What is grows rapidly, large compared to the body, many ossification centers, incomplete fusion of bones at birth (two frontal bones, four occipital bones, multiple sphenoid and temporal elements), and fontanelles (large areas of fibrous connective tissue) that allow the skull to flex during birth and cover unfused sutures in the infant skull.
the seven steps of endochondral ossification.
what is:
Chondrocytes cells get big and die to leave space
Surface of cartilage invaded by blood vessels and osteoblasts
Invade center to from primary ossification center: make spongy bone
Make medullary cavity
Capillaries and osteoblast move into epiphysis, make secondary ossification centers
Epiphyses become filled with spongy bone; epiphyseal cartilage now located within metaphysis
• Shaft side – osteoblasts create bone
• Epiphyseal side – new cartilage is created
Cartilage production slows while osteoblast activity is accelerated, leads to epiphyseal closure
The four steps of fracture repair.
What is:
1. Blood clot forms/hematoma formation
2. External and internal callus on the periosteum and endosteum
3. Spongy bone reforms
4. Compact bone reforms
what is
Four proximal carpal bones
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetrum
• Pisiform
Four distal carpal bones
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Capitate
• Hamate