Circadian Rhythms & Sleep
What brain structure acts as the body’s "master clock" regulating circadian rhythms?
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
how do hormones affect tissues?
they have slow, but large scale effects
what is voluntary stress called?
somatic stress
What is the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting nearly 1 in 5 adults?
anxiety disorder
how do benzodiazepines work, and what are they used to treat?
the boost levels of the neurotransmitter GABA and are used to treat anxiety disorders
which gland is responsible for releasing melatonin into the bloodstream at night?
what is the pineal gland?
what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
norepinephrine and epinephrine
which hormone causes which makes the heart pump faster and relaxes the arterial walls that supply muscles with blood so they can respond more quickly
epinephrine
what gene codes for mental retardation protein and can cause Autism
fragile x
a smaller hippcampus and PFC and common results of what phyciatric disorder?
PTSD
why do cortisol levels peak right before you wake up?
in order to release sugar and increase appetite
what gland secretes the hormone vasopressin and what is its function in the body?
the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin into the capillaires, increasing water retention in the kidneys and constricts blood vessels through a process known as vasoconstriction
what does the sympathetic branch do?
Signals the adrenal medulla to release the hormone Epinephrine
what does TSC1/2 do?
1+2 disease, code for proteins that control cell growth and can cause ASD
what is deep brain stimulaztion and what psyciatric disorder is it most commonly used to treat?
DBS is is a neurosurgical procedure that uses implanted electrodes to deliver electrical impulses to specific brain regions, helping to treat psyciatric disorders such as major depressive disorder
name the autonomic pathways that the SCN takes with the PVN
SCN --> PVN --> spinal cord --> peripheral organs
SCN -->PVN --. peneal glan
what is the function of a tropic hormone?
to stimulate activity in other endocrine glands
what is the function of the parasympathetic branch?
restricts blood flow to other organs including the kin, gonads, digestive tract, and kidneys.
what drugs can be used to treat ASD?
mTOR pathway with rapamycin and lovastatin
what are the difference between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
positive symptoms ↔ hallucinations, delusions, confused thinking
- negative symptoms ↔ no pleasure, lack of motivation
weight gain, insomnia, depression, and assorted cancers may occur from what?
long term circadian disruption
what two hormones released by what gland act as non-endocrine hormones?
growth hormone
prolactin
why is chronic stress a cycle?
high cortisol can delay sleep and sleep deprivation leads to even more glucocorticoids leading to more sleep deprivation
if a person sat still, just blinking rapidly, what type of seizure did they have?
focal/partial seizure
what has neuropeptide Y seemed to treat in terms of phyciatric disorders?
PTSD