Define 1
What is a gyrus?
the ridges/folds in the brain
What is the cortical sheet?
the surface covering of the brain consisting of grey matter (where cell bodies exist)
- cortex is latin for "bark" --> outermost layer
- folding of the cortical sheet within the gyri & sulci allows for more surface area = more cell bodies = allowing for higher complex thinking/cognition
Why does the brain stem have different directional anatomy than the brain?
during development it starts different, growing upwards & then curves over during ~ 4 week embryo
Developmental directional anatomy of the brain
up/top: dorsal
down/bottom: ventral
front: rostral
back: caudal
Arachnoid mater/spider-like mother
between the meningeal dura mater & pia mater; has spider-like webbing in subarachnoid space where CSF flows around brain & provides a cushion
- has granuoles that stick into dura mater that help with reuptake of CSF
What is a sulcus?
valleys between the gyri/folds
What are cranial nerves?
12 pairs of nerves throughout the head & neck (CNS) which each have a unique function (optic nerve, olfactory nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, etc)
- if they are damaged, we lose the information encoded by those nerves; ex: optic nerve is damaged --> we lose visual information that has been encoded by optic nerve = we can no longer see
- nerves closer to brain stem = larger damage & more difficult recovery
Where in the brain does language comprehension occur?
temporal lobe
Developmental directional anatomy of the brain stem
up/top: rostral
down/bottom: caudal
front: ventral
back: dorsal
How do gyri/sulci differ between people?
differences in each person's gyri/sulci are subtle; like a fingerprint, determined genetically & what makes each of us unique from one another
What is the cerebral cortex?
the large, folded part of brain that sits on top of cerebellum & brain stem (consists of gyri & sucli) & *consists of BOTH white & grey matter*
- where higher order thinking/processing occurs
What is Autonomic nervous system
subdivision of peripheral nervous system
** controls visceral(internal organ) functions
- deals w/ UNCONSCIOUS organ function/reaction; heart rate, digestion, salivation, sexual arousal, respiration rate, etc.
Lateral view of the brain vs. Medial view of the brain
Lateral: more on the side (cannot see subcortical structures)
Medial: towards the middle (can see corpus callosum)
Neuroanatomical directional anatomy of the brain
up/top: superior
down/bottom: inferior
front: anterior
back: posterior
What does comparing brains across species allow us to infer?
differences in things such as FRONTAL LOBE SIZE, OLFACTORY BULB SIZE, AMT OF BRAIN FOLDING allows us to differentiate different behaviors associated with different brain features
What is the cerebellum?
"little brain"; sits below cerebral cortex & POSTERIOR to brain stem
- involved in balance & coordination
- older part of brain
What is Central nervous system
consists of brain & spinal chord (has meninges)
- no repair to avoid altering brain/set in stone learned information/auditory/visual processing/etc. --> PRIORITIZES CLEANUP
Dura mater/hard mother
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord; like leather, needs to be cut during surgery
- periosteal dura mater: next to the skull
- meningeal dura mater: next to the meninges/brain
Saggital vs. Coronal vs. Axial
Saggital: vertical slice of the brain down the center of 2 hemispheres; separates LEFT & RIGHT hemispheres
Coronal: vertical slice of the brain by the ears; separates ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR/FRONT & BACK of brain
Axial: horizontal slice of the brain between brain; separates TOP & BOTTOM/SUPERIOR & INFERIOR brain
Pia mater/tender mother
thin, delicate inner layer of the meninges; like tight plastic wrap; "shrink wraps" the brain
What is meant by subcortical?
regions under/below/within the cortex (thalamus, superior colliculus, etc)
What is Peripheral nervous system
connects CNS to limbs, trunk, & organs (nerves connecting to spinal chord that span out across the body)
- consists of AUTONOMOUS nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
- sympathetic nervous system
What happens to the CSF when meninges are cut open?
during surgery when the dura is cut open, folded back, or other meninges are cut open, CSF DRAINS and will only refill back up once meninges are put back together n head is closed up
Meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (CNS = within meninges)
- Dura mater/hard mother: consists of periosteal mater & meningial mater (splits apart to allow for sinuses)
- Arachnoid mater/spider-like mother: webbing like space between meningial mater & pia mater (where CSF runs through; granuoles that poke into dura mater that help we reuptake of CSF)
- Pia mater/tender mother: thin/plastic wrap like sheet covering cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe functions
anterior/front portion of the brain
-higher executive function
-emotions/limbic system
-cognition/thinking