brain
Which of the following is a group of structures in the brain that helps control movement?
a. Limbic system
b. Basal ganglia
c. Gray matter
d. Neuroglial cells
e. Brainstem
b. Basal ganglia
Saltatory conduction occurs because action potentials “jump” between:
A. Dendrites
B. Synaptic clefts
C. Nodes of Ranvier
D. Axon terminals
c. Nodes of Ranvier
What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?
A. Houses neuron cell bodies
B. Processes reflexes locally
C. Contains myelinated tracts for signal conduction
D. Produces cerebrospinal fluid
c. Contains myelinated tracts for signal conduction
A medication to prevent anxiety would most likely increase levels of which neurotransmitter in the brain?
a. Dopamine
b. Norepinephrine
c. Glutamate
d. GABA
e. Endorphins
d. GABA
Which cranial nerve is majorly responsible for parasympathetic innervation?
Vagus nerve (X)
Ataxia is a condition involving impaired balance and clumsy movements. Damage to which part of the brain would cause this condition?
Cerebellum
What is the difference between white matter and gray matter?
White matter consists of myelinated axons and gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
Which structure is the point where sensory and motor roots merge to form a spinal nerve?
A. Dorsal horn
B. Ventral horn
C. Spinal nerve root
D. Intervertebral disc
E. Ascending tracts
c. Spinal nerve root
A toxin blocks acetylcholine breakdown at synapses. What is the expected effect?
A. Muscle paralysis due to lack of stimulation
B. Continuous muscle contraction
C. Loss of sensory perception
D. Decreased heart rate variability only
Damage or compression of the phrenic nerve may affect which physiological process?
a. Urination
b. Speaking
c. Sleeping
d. Breathing
e. Hearing
d. Breathing
What area of the brain acts as the body’s thermostat?
Hypothalamus
1. Which glial cells make CSF?
2. Which glial cells make up the blood-brain-barrier?
3. Which glial cells myelinate axons in the CNS?
4. Which glial cells myelinate axons in the PNS?
1. Ependymal cells
2. Astrocytes
3. Oligodendrocytes
4. Schwann cells
What is the function of the central canal?
A. Carries motor signals
B. Contains cerebrospinal fluid
C. Houses sensory neurons
D. Forms synaptic connections
b. Contains cerebrospinal fluid
Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the parasympathetic nervous system at the effector organs?
A. Dopamine
B. Norepinephrine
C. Acetylcholine
D. Epinephrine
c. Acetylcholine
A nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers is classified as?
Mixed nerve
A patient with damage to the frontal lobe would most likely exhibit which deficit?
A. Difficulty understanding spoken language
B. Loss of balance and posture
C. Impaired judgment and personality changes
D. Inability to recognize visual stimuli
C. Impaired judgment and personality changes
A toxin selectively destroys microglia in the CNS. What is the most likely consequence?
A. Loss of myelin production
B. Impaired immune defense and debris clearance in nervous tissue
C. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid production
D. Decreased neuronal excitability
B. Impaired immune defense and debris clearance in nervous tissue
Which spinal cord region is responsible for autonomic output to smooth muscle and glands (sympathetic system)?
A. Ventral horn only
B. Lateral horn
C. Dorsal horn
D. Central canal
B. Lateral horn
Which neurotransmitter is most associated with fine motor control and reward pathways in the brain?
A. Serotonin
B. Dopamine
C. GABA
D. Acetylcholine
b. Dopamine
Injury to the facial nerve (CN VII) would most likely cause:
A. Loss of smell
B. Inability to make facial expressions
C. Loss of vision
D. Decreased sensation to the face
E. Inability to make facial expressions and decreased sensation to the face
After a stroke, a patient is able to speak fluently but their speech is nonsensical and they cannot understand questions. Which brain area is most likely damaged?
A. Broca’s area (frontal lobe)
B. Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)
C. Primary auditory cortex
D. Cerebellum
b. Wernicke's area
Which neurological deficit would most likely fluctuate throughout the day in a patient with demyelinating disease?
A. Fixed paralysis of one limb
B. Progressive loss of consciousness
C. Intermittent weakness and visual disturbances
D. Sudden loss of all spinal reflexes permanently
C. Intermittent weakness and visual disturbances
Which meningeal layer is directly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord?
A. Dura mater
B. Arachnoid mater
C. Pia mater
D. Epidural space
c. Pia mater
A patient has depression related to decreased monoamine activity. Which group of neurotransmitters is most implicated?
A. Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
B. GABA, glycine, glutamate
C. Acetylcholine, glycine, glutamate
D. Substance P, histamine, endorphins only
A. Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?
A. Vagus nerve
B. Accessory nerve (CN XI)
C. Phrenic nerve
D. Facial nerve
E. Axillary nerve
B. Accessory nerve (CN XI)