Brain Circulation & CSF
What is the primary structure where blood pools before being distributed throughout the brain?
What is the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis)?
Which embryonic germ layer contributes to the development of the nervous system?
What is the ectoderm?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?
What is the olfactory nerve (CN I)?
What is the main sensory cortex responsible for processing touch and pain?
What is the parietal lobe?
A dog presents with bilateral hindlimb ataxia and a wide-based stance. Which sensory tract is likely affected?
What is the spinocerebellar tract?
Which species use the maxillary artery as the primary blood supply to the brain, bypassing the internal carotid artery?
What are ruminants and cats?
What are the three primary brain vesicles that form during early development?
What are the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon?
Name the cranial nerve that innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.
What is the abducens nerve (CN VI)?
Name the sensory pathway that conveys conscious proprioception and touch.
What is the dorsal column pathway (gracile and cuneate tracts)?
Which cranial nerve lesion results in tongue deviation and impaired swallowing?
What is the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
Name the largest cistern where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected for analysis in clinical practice.
What is the cerebellomedullary cistern?
Name the brain subdivision that is responsible for balance, proprioception, and skilled motor tasks.
What is the cerebellum?
What are the sensory-only cranial nerves?
What are CN I (olfactory), CN II (optic), and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)?
Which pathway transmits “true pain” and arousal signals?
What is the ascending reticular formation?
Name one pathology associated with blocked cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow.
What is hydrocephalus?
How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leave the ventricular system to enter the subarachnoid space?
What are the lateral apertures and the median aperture (foramina of Luschka and Magendie)?
Which brain region expands to dominate the cranial space during development?
What is the telencephalon?
Through which foramen does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) exit the skull?
What is the foramen ovale?
Which sensory tract is prominent in carnivores and conveys superficial pain, touch, and pressure?
What is the spinocervicothalamic tract?
A cat has dilated pupils, no light reflex, and strabismus. Which cranial nerve is likely affected?
What is the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
What is the clinical significance of the rete mirabile in ruminants during religious slaughter?
What is that the vertebral artery continues to supply blood to the brain, maintaining consciousness briefly?
What are the three main functions of the hypothalamus?
What are controlling autonomic functions, regulating the endocrine system, and maintaining circadian rhythms?
Which cranial nerve has parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic and abdominal organs?
What is the vagus nerve (CN X)?
What is the clinical significance of losing deep pain sensation?
What is that it indicates a severe bilateral spinal cord lesion with a poor prognosis?
What is the most likely consequence of a lesion affecting the dorsal column pathway?
What is a loss of proprioception, touch, and pressure sensations?