Colonial Foundations
What 1750 treaty allowed Portugal to claim lands to the west of the Treaty of Tordesillas demarcation line, significantly expanding its Brazilian territory?
The Treaty of Madrid
In the 1788-1789 Ouro Preto conspiracy, this individual was executed for treason for their involvement in the conspiracy.
Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, also known as Tiradentes
After Brazil's independence in 1822, what was the most significant unresolved issue, being a vital source of labor and revenue but also a point of contention with the British?
Slavery
This military dictator of Paraguay initiated the Paraguayan War by seizing a Brazilian steamboat and invading the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso.
Francisco Solano López
The cultivation of this crop in the 1830s and 1840s significantly increased the wealth and political influence of Brazil's Southeast region, centered in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Coffee
By 1807, Brazil's production accounted for this percentage of Portugal's exports, signifying its growing economic importance to the mother country.
61%
Unlike the elite-led 1789 Ouro Preto conspiracy, where did the 1798 revolt take place, which involved Afro-Brazilians, artisans, and soldiers?
Salvador, Bahia
Emperor Pedro I's constitution established 18 of these administrative divisions in Brazil, replacing the historical captaincies and sometimes leading to discontent in regions.
Provinces
Facing a shortage of soldiers in 1866 during the Paraguayan War, the Brazilian military began recruiting this group into service, offering them freedom in exchange for participation.
Enslaved Peoples
This Amazonian city became known for its opulence, modern infrastructure, and electric streetlights during the late 19th-century rubber boom.
Manaus
What economic policy did the Marquis de Pombal adhere to, believing Portugal should industrialize and its colonies should solely produce raw materials?
Mercantilism
What was the first significant act of Prince João upon the Portuguese royal family's arrival in Brazil in 1808, effectively ending mercantilist restrictions on the colony?
Opening Brazil's ports to international trade.
What costly and economically damaging war during Emperor Pedro I's reign resulted in the creation of the independent nation of Uruguay as a buffer state between Brazil and Argentina?
The Cisplatine War
This 1871 law declared children born to enslaved mothers free, but stipulated they must work for their mothers' owners until age 21.
The "Law of the Free Womb".
The new Brazilian Republic's iconography, featuring the Efígie da República, was directly inspired by this iconic female allegorical figure of the French Revolution
Marianne.
Wealthy young Brazilian colonists primarily studied at this prestigious Portuguese university, bringing Enlightenment ideas back to Brazil.
The University of Coimbra
In 1814, Prince João elevated Brazil's status to be equal to Portugal by creating this unified kingdom, allowing the royal court to remain in Brazil. What was the name of this new nation?
The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.
Following Emperor Pedro I's abdication, five-year-old Pedro II ascended the throne, and Brazil was governed by this system in his name before he assumed full power.
A regency
On May 13, 1888, this law was signed by Princess Isabel, granting immediate freedom to all enslaved people without compensation to slave owners.
The "Golden Law".
Brazilian elites used this pseudo-scientific theory, a misinterpretation of Darwin's work, to justify the idea that European immigration would improve the country's image by "whitening" the population.
Social Darwinism
This influential former Catholic priest and author criticized Portugal's economic policies and specifically advocated for Brazil's ports to be opened to global trade.
Abbé Raynal
On September 7, 1822, Prince Pedro proclaimed Brazil's independence with what single, legendary word?
"Fico!"
What was one key advantage Pedro II had over his father, Pedro I, which helped him gain more acceptance as Brazil's monarch?
He was born in Brazil.
Brazil's primary strategic objective during the Paraguayan War was to maintain crucial access to this vast river system, which connected its interior provinces to the Atlantic Ocean and was vital for transporting goods and people across four South American countries.
The Rio de la Plata system
In an effort to distance the new Brazilian Republic from the Empire's "immoral past," Rui Barbosa ordered the burning of these specific records.
Slave trade records