Structure/Function of the Respiratory System
A lipid-based substance that decreases surface tension in alveoli to prevent collapse on exhale
What is Surfactant?
The movement of gases in and out of the lungs
What is Ventilation
The normal volumes of: pH, CO2, pO2, HCO2, O2 Sat.
What is:
pH: 7.35-7.45, CO2: 35-45, pO2: 80-100, HCO3: 22-26, and O2 Sat.: 95-100%
Airway
Breathing (Gas exchange at alveolar/capillary membrane)
Circulation (O2 to tissues)
what are your ABCs"
The cells that make the substance called, Surfactant.
What are Alveolar Type II Cells?
Epiglottis/glottis: cough, gag, swallow
The Bronchial Cillia: sweep out the gunk
The Alveolar macrophages
The Irritant Receptor
What are normal defenses of the Respiratory Tract?
central chemoreceptors in the medulla
what is primary drive to breathe?
This happens when there is too much CO2 (Respiratory Acidosis)
What is Hypercapnia?
also known as "inflamed nasal mucosa; this is a upper respiratory tact infection caused by impaired mucus clearing and blocked ostia; this infection can cause brain swelling
What is Rhinosinusitis
consists of:
the response to O2 levels
peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic arch and carotid bodies
what is the secondary drive to breathe?
Primary Bronchus
Secondary Bronchus
Tertiary Bronchus
What is the names of bronchus in the right side of the lung?
second step of Respiration; must get O2 into the blood and get rid of CO2 from the blood; pO2: 80-100mmHg; Arterial O2 sat (SaO2) >95%; where ventilation and perfusion meet
what is diffusion?
Diuresis occurs in me when I have too much water (mOsm low) and I conserve water when mOsm is too high
What are the Kidneys?
Pneumonia on admission; within 48hrs admitted and/or not been in long term facility care for 14 days; most common Streptococcus
What is Community-acquired (CAP) Pneumonia?
Hypoxemia is low blood oxygen level
Dyspnea is subjective sensation of difficulty breathing
what is the difference between Dyspnea and Hypoxemia?
Unit of respiration made of:
pores of Kohn, Alveolar Type I Cells, Alveolar Type II Cells, and Alveolar macrophages
What is Alveoli?
The 4 steps of Respiration
what are Ventilation, Diffusion, Oxygen Transport and Diffusion to Tissues?
The Patient's stats are:
pH 7.49
PCO2 45
HCO3 35
What is Metabolic Alkalosis?
Caused by Type B Influenza (Hamophilus)
can be prevented by HiB vaccine
causes high fever, sore throat, drooling, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
What is Epiglottis?
Blood doesn't go where there is O2
what is Ventilation without Perfusion?
A type of receptor that transmits through the vagus nerve to the medullary center which irritates cough
What is a Tracheobronchial receptor?
Loss of primary drive
Relies upon Secondary drive
Can't be saturated with O2 or won't be able to breath
What happens in COPD patients?
This is caused by decrease intake, excessive GI or renal loss and third space loss and is treated with isotonic replacement
What is fluid volume deficit or Hypovolemia?
A Chronic inflammatory airway disease that consists of recurrent episodes of airway obstruction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness , usually reversible
What is Bronchial Asthma?
type of lung cancer treated with just chemo and radiation
What is Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCL)?