Module 1
This biome is characterized by cold winters, mild moist summers, and strong seasonal variation.
What is a temperate forest?
This type of species is also called exotic, non-indigenous, introduced, or non-native.
What is an alien species?
An ungulate...
What is a hoofed mammal, including groups such as deer, cattle, pigs, giraffes, horses, and rhinoceroses?
Which two fast-growing tree types were the primary focus of this module?
What are hybrid aspen and poplar?
These species depend on dead or decaying wood for at least part of their life cycle.
What are saproxylic species?
According to the lectures, this European country contains the largest area of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest.
What is France?
According to the invasive species lecture, prevention and eradication are most feasible during this stage of invasion.
What is the early detection/early introduction stage?
Give two methods used to estimate cervid population density.
What are pellet counts, hunting statistics, traffic accident statistics, helicopter/drone surveys, ÄlgObs observations, or computer models?
What planting density is commonly recommended for poplar pulpwood production in Sweden?
What is approximately 1,100–1,600 trees per hectare?
Bond (2005) argued that vegetation is often controlled not only by climate, but also by these two major consumers.
What are large herbivores and fire?
This method reconstructs past vegetation by analyzing grains preserved in lake sediments and peat bogs.
What is pollen analysis?
Name the four major ecological roles highlighted for insects.
What are herbivores, pollinators, decomposers, and natural enemies?
A moose consumes approximately how much fresh vegetation annually?
What is about 8,000 kg of plant material per year?
What rotation length is commonly recommended for hybrid aspen timber production?
What is 25–30 years?
What innovative method did Hedin & Ranius (2002) use to study movements of the beetle Osmoderma eremita?
What is radio telemetry?
According to the "Color World" concept, vegetation in this world is primarily controlled by large herbivores and browsing pressure.
What is the Brown World?
What are the four major steps of a classical biological control program?
What are:
Why can browsing have strong effects on plant communities even when it does not kill trees?
What is because browsing alters growth, reproduction, competitive relationships, and forest structure?
What are the major breeding objectives for poplar and hybrid aspen programs?
What are growth, vitality, stem quality, wood properties, and climate change preparedness?
According to Prospero & Cleary (2017), what three host-related factors strongly influence the spread of invasive forest pathogens?
What are host diversity, host connectivity, and host susceptibility?
Explain the difference between the "Closed-Canopy Theory" and the "Mosaic Woodland Theory."
What is that Closed-Canopy Theory proposes that dense, shade-tolerant forests would dominate temperate Europe without human influence, whereas Mosaic Woodland Theory argues that disturbances such as herbivory and fire naturally created a patchwork of open and wooded habitats?
Why are insects considered one of the most evolutionarily successful groups of organisms?
What is because they can fly, occupy nearly every terrestrial and freshwater niche, have short generation times, adapt rapidly, and are small enough to survive in many environments?
Explain why current browsing problems in Sweden are not simply caused by “too many deer.”
What is because browsing damage depends on both animal density and forage availability? Modern forestry has reduced and concentrated forage through darker forests, fewer broadleaves, and reduced understory vegetation, creating imbalance even when populations alone may not seem extreme.
Why is vegetation control particularly important during plantation establishment on former agricultural land?
What is because competing vegetation can strongly reduce survival and growth of young poplar and hybrid aspen seedlings, making weed control a critical management practice?
According to Hartmann et al. (2022), why are future tree mortality events difficult to predict?
What is because mortality results from interacting effects of drought, heat, insects, pathogens, species traits, and local environmental conditions, many of which interact in nonlinear ways.