Module 1
This tree genus is the most abundant broadleaf tree by volume in Sweden.
What is Betula (birch)?
This process allows an invasive species to move from one area into another and establish populations.
What is invasion (or spread)?
According to the lectures, forests in Sweden have become darker largely because of the expansion of this tree species.
What is Norway spruce?
hat is the average annual production of poplar plantations in Sweden?
What is approximately 30 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹?
This management approach intentionally retains habitat trees, snags, and deadwood during harvests.
What is retention forestry?
In forest understories, this environmental factor is often the primary limitation on vegetation cover and species richness.
What is light?
This insect feeding strategy describes insects that feed on only one host species.
What is monophagy (monophagous)?
What weight is categorized as a "megafauna"?
What are animals larger than approximately 44 kg?
Why are new tree species introduced into forestry?
What are improving production, increasing resistance to pests or browsing, future biomass uses, and solving management problems?
According to Czyzewski et al. (2026), Europe's historical temperate landscapes were likely dominated by this type of vegetation pattern.
What is a woodland–grassland mosaic?
These structures are considered among the most important habitat features for forest biodiversity and many red-listed species.
What are coarse dead wood and old trees?
This framework is used to prove that a microorganism causes a disease.
What are Koch's Postulates?
According to the Swedish Forest Agency, recent pine damage above what level is considered serious?
What is 10–20% damaged stems
What site condition should be avoided when establishing poplar or hybrid aspen?
What are areas with stationary, poorly oxygenated groundwater or standing water?
What ecological concept describes species disappearing long after habitat loss has occurred?
What is extinction debt?
This ecological concept describes populations that persist temporarily after habitat loss but are expected to disappear in the future.
What is extinction debt?
According to the bacteria lecture, why are bacterial tree diseases likely underestimated?
What is because few environmental bacteria can be cultured, Koch's postulates are often difficult to apply, and forest pathologists traditionally focus on fungi?
What are some economic consequences of cervid browsing for forestry?
What are slower growth, reduced wood quality, lower timber value, increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, and reduced reproductive output?
What major risks should be considered when introducing new tree species?
What are pathogen problems, biodiversity impacts, self-dissemination, cultural conflicts, and uncertainty about long-term productivity?
Compare the traditional Closed-Canopy Theory with the Mosaic Woodland Theory.
What is that Closed-Canopy Theory proposes dense forests dominated naturally across Europe, while Mosaic Woodland Theory proposes a heterogeneous landscape maintained by herbivores, disturbance, and open habitats?
Why are old trees disproportionately important for biodiversity conservation compared to younger managed forest trees?
What is that old trees provide unique habitat features such as cavities, dead branches, loose bark, rot holes, fungi, and long-term habitat continuity that support many specialized and threatened species?
Compare the three major biological control strategies discussed in class.
How can moose indirectly affect bird communities?
What is by altering vegetation structure, nesting habitat, food availability, and nutrient cycling, which then influences bird abundance and species richness?
Why do many plantation managers consider fencing a necessary investment?
What is because browsing damage can significantly reduce plantation success, and Populus species are highly attractive to ungulates. Fencing is recommended regardless of plantation size or browsing pressure.
ccording to Prospero & Cleary (2017), what three host-related factors strongly influence the spread of invasive forest pathogens?
What are host diversity, host connectivity, and host susceptibility?