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200

 How is management multidisciplinary? Explain.

Management is multidisciplinary because of the following reasons:

  • Management of an organisation requires wide knowledge about various disciplines as it covers handling of man, machine, material and looking after production, distribution, accounting and many other functions.        

  • It is a separate field of study with its own principles, practices, techniques and approaches.    

  • It can be drawn from fields like Math, Engineering, and Economics.

200

Briefly explain management as a group.

  • Management normally refers to a group of managers working in an organisation. 

  • It includes the top executive as well as the first line supervisors. These managers perform their functions jointly as a group. 

  • The success of business does not depend on the efficiency of one, but of all managers taken together. Managers work as a team so that objectives of the business are fully achieved. 

200

Kartik is working as a Finance Manager of a chemical company. Identify the level of management at which he is working. State any two functions performed by him at this level. Also name any one more designation at the same level of management.

Ans: Kartik who is working as a Finance Manager of a chemical company, the level of management at which he is working is middle level. Middle level management includes the head of various departments.

The two functions performed by the middle level are as follows: 

  1. Identifying the departmental objective.

  2. Guiding the lower level towards their objective.

One more designation at the same level of management is a sales production manager.

200

Q) What is meant by Management?

Ans: Management refers to the process of using men, money, machines, material and processes through proper direction, coordination and integration of several activities so as to produce desired results and attain predetermined goals. Management consists of a series of activities classified into various functions like planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling.

200

 State any three characteristics of principles of management.

Ans: Three characteristics of the principles of management are

1. Universal : The management principles are applicable to all types of organizations like government enterprises, educational institutions, business enterprises etc.


2. Flexible: Management principles are modified and applied according to the changing situations.


3. Aimed to Influence Human Behaviour : Human behaviour is complex and unpredictable. Management principles influence human behaviour so that human resources give their best to an organization. 


4. Cause and effect relationship : Management principles indicate clearly the cause of various actions and consequences of various decisions. 



300

Q) Describe management as a group.    

Ans: Management normally refers to a group of managers working in an organisation. 

  • It includes the top executive as well as the first line supervisors. These managers perform their functions jointly as a group. 

  • The success of business does not depend on the efficiency of one, but of all managers taken together. Managers work as a team so that objectives of the business are fully achieved. 

300

Q) State any four objectives of management

Ans: The four objective of management are as follows:

  1. Optimum utilization of resources:
     Management should try to secure maximum outlay with minimum efforts and resources by utilising the human and material resources available in an organisation for deriving the best results.

  2. Fair return on capital:
    Management has to provide a fair return to the owners on the capital invested by them. Management must maintain the investment and should also attract further investments for growth and expansion.


  1. Create goodwill:
    Management should aim at building the reputation of the firm through various activities like popularising products by advertising, reasonable price, good quality products etc. Business environment is dynamic and is influenced by a number of factors.

  2. Meet challenges of the changing environment:
    Enterprises which are unable to adopt itself to the changing situations, will not be able to survive. Management should frame steps to meet the challenges of the changing environment. Thus, management can help an organisation for its survival and growth. 



300

Q) Explain, in brief, the following general principles of management : 

(a) Unity of command

(b) Division of work

Ans: a) Unity of command:
A subordinate should work under the supervision of one superior only from whom he gets instructions and to whom he is accountable. It avoids confusion in authority and instructions.

 b) Division of work:
This principle suggests that work should be assigned to a person for which he is best suited. Work should be divided into compact jobs to be assigned to individuals. This facilitates specialisation and improves efficiency.

300

Q) Explain the following characteristics of Management in brief : 

(a) Management is universal

(b) Management is intangible

Ans: a) Management is universal:
 It means that management is required for every type of organisation. It may be a business organisation or social or political. It may be a small firm or a large one. Management is required by a school or a college or university or a hospital or a big firm like Reliance Industries Limited or a small variety store in your locality. Thus, it is a universal phenomenon and is common and essential element in all organisations.


b) Management is intangible: 

 Management is not a place like a graphic showing Board meeting or a graphic showing a school Principal at her office desk which can be seen. It is an unseen force and you can feel its presence in the form of rules, regulation, output, work climate, etc.




300

Q) Give the meaning of the following general principles of management : 

(a) Unity of command

(b) Initiative

Ans:  a) Unity of command:
A subordinate should work under the supervision of one superior only from whom he gets instructions and to whom he is accountable. It avoids confusion in authority and instructions.


b) Initiative: This implies encouraging initiative among its personnel to chalking out and execution of a plan to achieve the desired results. 

400

Q) “The existence and success of any organisation largely depends upon the kind of management it has.” Explain any four reasons in favour of this statement.

Ans: The four reasons in favour of this statement are as follows:

  1. Attainment of goal:
    Every organisation has a goal to achieve and each employee in the organisation also has his own goals that he wants to achieve. Even at operational level each department, each unit or even each group has a goal that it wants to achieve. It is only through proper management -- by well thought of planning, good direction and proper coordination and control that effectiveness to the efforts of each group to achieve given goals can be ensured

  2. Stability and growth:
     Management strives to utilise the available resources of the organisation effectively and efficiently. It controls the activities and operations, integrates the functions, motivates the employees, maintains the health of the organisation in the ever changing environment. It thus, ensures stability to the working of the organisation and contributes to its growth.

  3. Change and development:
    Management keeps itself in touch with the changes in the environment and foresees development in the future. Accordingly, plans are made to keep the organisation ready to meet the challenges. The technologies, operations, process as human factors are developed on a continuous basis keeping an eye on the future.

  4.  Efficiency and Effectiveness :
    By proper planning, staffing, organising, coordinating, directing, and its controlling activities, the management helps in achieving efficiency and effectiveness to human efforts and operations

400

Q) ‘‘Management is a combination of both science and arts.’’ How? Explain.

Ans: Management is regarded as a science as well as an art. 

  • Science refers to a systematic body of knowledge with reference to understanding of some phenomenon or subject or object of study.

Any subject of study is called a science should have the following characteristics:
    1. We should be able to establish a cause and effect relationship. 

2. Its principles should be verifiable. 

3.It should ensure predictable results. 

4. It should have universal application.

Arts

  • It is a personalised process and states that there is no best way of doing a thing. Thus, it is creative and it improves by practice. In art we learn about the ‘how’ of a phenomenon. For example, take the case of painting. There is nothing called the best way of painting.

  • It varies from one manager to another. The more one manages, the more experienced and expert he becomes. Thus, management is a combination of both science and art.




400

Q) ‘‘The different levels of management taken together form the hierarchy of

management.’’ Do you agree? Explain briefly with the help of a diagram.

Ans: Yes, I agree that the different levels of management taken together form the hierarchy of Management. 

There are three levels of management which are as follows: 

  • The top level management includes the Board of Directors and the Chief Executive. The chief executive may have the designation of Chairman, Managing Director, President, Executive Director or General Manager. This level determines the objectives of the business as a whole and lays down policies to achieve these objectives (making of policy means providing guidelines for actions and decision). 

  • The middle-level management includes heads of various departments, e.g., production, sales, etc., and other departmental managers. Sometimes senior departmental heads are included in the top management team. The objectives of the business as a whole are translated into departmental objectives for the middle level management. Middle-level managers are particularly concerned with the activities of their respective departments

  • The lower-level management consists of foremen and supervisors who look after the operative workers, and ensure that the work is carried out properly and on time. Thus, they have the primary responsibility for the actual production of goods and services in the organisation.

400

Q) Explain the significance of the principles of management.  

Ans: Management principles have considerable importance in all group efforts. Following are the points of importance of management principles:


1. Act as a Guide for Research in Management : 

The principles so far developed can be tested in new situations and management practices can be made more effective. For example, in earlier days workers were motivated by their remuneration. But now a days family health, education of the children etc. should be considered by the organisation in order to motivate and retain the workers. 


2. Improve Understanding : 

The knowledge of principles of management helps the managers to manage an enterprise properly. The principles of management help the managers to take correct decisions. Managers can handle situations smoothly. 


3. Identify the Areas for Training of Managers:

The principles of management help in identifying the areas where the managers should be trained.


4. Act as Reference for Managers : 

Principles act as reference for the managers and help to evaluate whether the decision taken by him are appropriate and accurate.


5. Increases efficiency : 

Principles are guidelines for managers for taking accurate decisions. Principles help the manager for solving problems of an enterprise.

500

Q) “Management has to ensure that all the activities contribute to the attainment of objectives of the business as a whole. This requires integration of activities and synchronisation of efforts.

  1. Identify the concept of management described in the above para.

  2. Briefly explain any five characteristics of the concept so identified.

Ans: The concept of management described in the above is as follows: Coordination. Managers should, see that everyone in the organisation understands the objectives and works in cooperation with others to achieve these objectives. This function of management is called coordination.


The characteristics of coordination are as follows:

  1. Co-ordination is the essence of Management :
    Management objectives can be achieved only if there is unity of action among employees and proper harmony. If the activities of an enterprise are not integrated, there is lack of co-ordination.  

  2. Coordination is a Continuous Activity :
    Coordination is required in every managerial and operative functions of the business. Activities like purchase, production, finance and marketing are interrelated and have to be coordinated. So it is a continuous process.


  1. Coordination is a Conscious Action :
     In order to unite, integrate and harmonize the different activities in an enterprise, co-ordination is an intentional effort of the management.

  2. Co-ordination Attempts to Achieve Objectives :
    Individual goals are matched with organisational goals through levels for common purpose. It helps brings efficiency in operations by achieving the objectives of an organisation.

  3. Co-ordination is Needed at All Levels of Management :
    The activities of various departments, units and various individuals in an organisation are interdependent in nature. So co-ordination is needed at all the levels of management. For example the activities of purchase, production and marketing are interrelated.







500

Q) “Managers should see that everybody in the organization understands its objectives and works in cooperation with others to active these objectives.” Identify the function of management mentioned in this statement and explain its characteristics.

Ans: The function of management mentioned in the above statement is coordination. Management has to ensure that all the activities contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business as a whole. This requires integration of activities and synchronisation of efforts. Managers should, therefore, see that everybody in the organisation understands its objectives and works in cooperation with others to achieve these objectives. This function of management is called coordination.


The characteristics of coordination are as follows:

  1. Co-ordination is the essence of Management :
    Management objectives can be achieved only if there is unity of action among employees. This is possible if the organisation functions with proper harmony. If the activities of an enterprise are not integrated, there is lack of co-ordination.  

  2. Co-ordination is a Continuous Activity :
    Co-ordination is required in every managerial and operative functions of the business. Activities like purchase, production, finance and marketing are interrelated and have to be coordinated. So it is a continuous process.

  3. Co-ordination is a Conscious Action :
     In order to unite, integrate and harmonize the different activities in an enterprise, co-ordination is an intentional effort of the management.

  4. Co-ordination Attempts to Achieve Objectives :
    Individual goals are integrated with organisational goals through levels for common purpose. It adjusts and reconciles individual efforts at all the levels of management. Coordination brings efficiency in operations by achieving the objectives of an enterprise.

500

Give the meaning of 'work study' as a technique of scientific management. Also explain the four studies included in it.      

Taylor is best known for the techniques of scientific management, particularly in the production department and that too at the shop level. Following are the techniques of Scientific Management as given by Taylor.


 1. Work Studies: Work study is the systematic, objective and critical examination of all the factors governing the operational efficiency of any specified activity in order to effect improvement. It includes time study, motion study, fatigue study and method study.

         a. Time Study : It is a technique of observing and recording the time required to do a piece of work and developing the best way of doing it.

         b. Motion Study: Under motion study, the movement of men, machines and materials are observed and analysed. Motion study eliminates wasteful motions and helps to find the best method of doing a particular job.

         c. Fatigue Study : Fatigue study means the systematic, objective and critical examination of the causes and consequences of fatigue. This study is aimed to determine the amount and frequency of rest required in completing the work with full capacity. 


       d. Method Study : Method study is concerned with analysing and evaluating the methods (capital intensive or labour intensive) of performing a job. Management should select the best method after considering the following factors : labour cost, availability of capital, material cost etc.




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