Cell Signaling
A molecule that binds to a receptor to send signals within or between cells
What is a ligand?
A group of cells working together to perform a specific function
What is a tissue?
Addition of nucleotides occurs only at the ____ end of the growing strand (newly synthesized strand)
What is the 3' end?
Genetic information in a cell
What is a genome?
Name for mutation that has 1 amino acid substituted
What is a missense mutation?
Type of signaling from nerve to another nerve, muscle, organ, etc.
What is synaptic signaling?
___ radiate out from the centrosome, helping the cell maintain its shape
What is a microtubule?
DNA is unwound by this enzyme
What is helicase?
These organisms often have a single, circular, DNA molecule
What is a prokaryote?
Name for a mutation where a codon has changed to a stop codon
What is a nonsense mutation?
Integral membrane proteins with a ligand-binding site on the outside surface
What are membrane receptors?
The thinnest structure in the cytoskeleton
What are microfilaments?
This enzyme prevents overwinding of the DNA
What is topoisomerase?
The entire complex of DNA and proteins
What is chromatin?
Type of mutation that disrupts the reading frame
What is a frameshift mutation?
"Activated" protein activates other proteins, which activate other proteins, etc.
What is protein phosphorylation?
Connects cells to other cells or to the basal lamina and are reinforced by the cytoskeleton
What are cell junctions?
Short fragments on the lagging strand
What are Okazaki Fragments?
Kinetochore fibers shorten and pulls sister chromatids toward each pole in this phase
What is anaphase?
A chemical or condition that produces mutations by breaking DNA or damaging bases
What is a mutagen?
Enzymes that remove phosphate groups from a protein
What are protein phosphatases?
A type of cell junction that allows two cells to communicate through joined rings of integral membrane proteins
What are gap junctions?
This enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together
What is Ligase?
The key checkpoint in controlling cell division and progression into the S phase
A type of mutation that occurs in gametes and may be passed on to next generation
What are germline mutations?