These are organism factors that must be considered when evaluating a patient infectious disease for therapy.
What are the 1) organism ID 2) virulence factors 3) inoculum 4) resistance capabilities?
100
The mechanism of action of the beta-lactam antibacterial agents.
What is the inhibition of cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the cross-linking of peptidoglycan,transpeptidation via binding to the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)?
100
The generation of cephalosporins associated with good Staphylococcus auerus activity.
What is the first generation?
100
The four drugs available in the carbapenem class.
What are imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem?
100
The spectrum of activity for aztreonam.
What is aerobic, Gram-negative organisms?
200
These are the drug factors that must be considered when designing and initiating an antimicrobial regimen.
What are 1) spectrum of activity 2) pharmacology 3) PK/PD 4) adverse effects 5) administration 6) monitoring 7) drug interactions 8) cost?
200
The pharmacodynamic parameter that correlates with clinical and microbiologic efficacy for the beta-lactam agents.
What is time > MIC
200
The generation of cephalosporins associated with significant Streptococcus pneumoniae activity
What is the 3rd generation?
200
The general spectrum of activity for the carbapenem antibacterial agents.
What is Gram-positive, Gram-negative (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa for imi,mero,dori), and anaerobes?
200
The type of penicillin hypersensitivity reaction that would necessitate the use of aztreonam.
What is type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis, angioedema)?
300
These are the host factors that must be considered when designing and initiating an antimicrobial regimen.
What are 1) history (allergies, travel, food consumption, co-morbidities, medications...) 2) age 3) organ function 4) genetic/metabolic abnormalities 5) site of infection 6) severity of illness 7) pregnancy and/or lactation
300
The penicillin agent(s) that does/do not require dose adjustment in renal insufficiency.
What are nafcillin, oxacillin, and dicloxacillin?
300
The adverse effects typically associated with the methylthiotetrazole (MTT) side chain.
What are dilsulfiram-like reactions and an increased risk of bleeding due to the MTT side chain blocking the formation of vitamin K dependent clotting factors?
300
The carbapenem agent that requires only once daily dosing.
What is ertapenem?
300
The beta-lactam agent that demostrates activity for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
What is ceftaroline?
400
The lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial agent that prevents visible growth of the organism after 24 hours of incubation defines what susceptibility parameter?
What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
400
Describe common adverse effects associated with the use of penicillin agents.
What are 1) hematologic 2) hepatic 3) electrolyte disturbances 4) neurologic 5) renal 6) GI
400
The cephalosporin agent that does not require adjustment for renal insufficiency.
What is ceftriaxone?
400
Imipenem is administered with equal amounts of cilastain for this purpose.
What is to prevent the hydrolysis by renal dehydropeptidase-1 and prevent nephrotoxic metabolites of imipenem from causing renal damage?
400
The beta-lactam agents that possess significant Enterococcus spp. activity.
What are penicillin, aminopenicillins, piperacillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, and imipenem (E. faecalis only)?
500
Define empiric antimicrobial therapy.
What is antimicrobial therapy that is initiated prior to the identification of the causative organism(s)? Therapy is directed towards the most common causative ogranisms.
500
The penicillins that possess Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity.
What carboxypenicillins (ticarcillin), ureidopenicillins (piperacillin), beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors (ticarcillin/clavulanate & piperacillin/tazobactam)?
500
The cephalosporins that possess Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity.
What are ceftazidime and cefepime?
500
True or False: the carbapenem class are stable to all beta-lactamase enzyme production.
What is False?
500
The common mechanisms of resistance that the impact the utility of beta-lactam antibacterial agents.
What are beta-lactamase enzymes, target site alteration, porin channel deletion, and efflux pumps?