PSM
What is PSM? UNESCO definition
PSB is broadcasting made, financed and controlled by the public. It is neither commercial nor state-owned. It is free from political interference and pressure from commercial forces. Through PSB, citizens are informed, educated and also entertained. When guaranteed with pluralism, programming diversity, editorial independence, appropriate funding, accountability and transparency, public service broadcasting can serve as a cornerstone of democracy.
2 reasons why are Europeans afraid of an American cultural invasion?
1. Economic rationale: preservation of economic autonomy in net exports/imports
2. Cultural rationale: preservation of the culture
What is the danger of a single story?
Being exposed to only one side of a story and realizing that this story isn't applicable to all people (ted talk by African woman)
-Ownership of the medium
-Funding (advertising)
-Sourcing
-Flak
-Anti-ideology
-cultural pluralism
-political pluralism
-geographical/local pluralism
-pluralism of media ownership and control
-pluralism of media types and genres.
What are 2 threats to a further development of PSM?
-Globalization
-Digitalization and media convergence
What the 4 types of media ownership? Explain them.
-State media: Seen in communist societies: north korea, cuba; Nations described as "authoritarian"; Control over citizens; State hold power to control and regulate media
-Public Service Media (PSM)
-Commercial media: private media; Audiences as consumers rather than citizens; Entertainment is prioritized over information and culture (knowledge).
-Community media: Non-profit basis; Small audiences + clear defined community; Smaller budget; Relatively independent; Blogs, radios, newsletters
What is the illusion of choice?
Viewers actually have no choice because all of the newspapers and news stations are controlled by the same corporations
What are the 3 media systems?
Public service model, Dual model, Market model
What is media pluralism?
-the state having a plurality of voices, opinions and analyses on media system (internal pluralism) or the coexistence of different and diverse types of medias and media support (external pluralism)
-emphasizes need for media to reflect the diversity in society in order to create a "public sphere" which is essential for democratic debate
What are the 3 rationales for public regulation of PSB? Explain them.
-Technically: Need to ration access due to scarcity of frequencies; European PPTs used broadcasting licenses to control the medium in order to prevent overcrowding like in the U.S.
-Monopoly: Need to ensure universal provision of service; avoid monopoly pricing and inferior products; Guard against abuses because listeners/viewers are a captive audience
-Political: Need to reduce the threat of political influence; ideals of PSB include democratic pluralism and reflection of a range of viewpoints; Broadcast media can influence public opinion, the legitimacy of public policy and voting behavior
What is TWF (TV without frontiers directive)?
-The cornerstone of EU's audiovisual policy. It is the main regulatory instrument for the audiovisual sector in Europe
-Aim: help to create social cohesion within Europe and the EU
Who was Franco? Is this Franco? This is Franco?
-Fascist dictator from 1939 (end of the civil war) until he died in 1975
-Forced disappearances by Franco regime numbered 140,000 among victims of the Spanish Civil War
What the gaps in media exposure in the US?
-Americans consume relatively little news in comparison with populations elsewhere
-total consumption of news across all outlets in the US is declining
What is the public sphere?
"A realm of social life in which public opinion can be formed".
-A forum of dialogue, debate, and exchanging of ideas. All political alternatives are shown.
-A public place where all citizens can express their social concerns.
What is autonomy in PSM?
-Autonomy and regulation are linked because media policy is always suffering from the possibility that those who are supposed to regulate the media are the same who are interested in influencing the media
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What are the 3 media agenda settings? What are they used for?
-Public agenda, media agenda, and policy/political agenda
-Corporate media may manipulate and filter out news that does not fit their corporate agenda
What is the night of the cell phones?
Night in Madrid with all the SMS messages? (train bombings)
Name 3 countries with Constitutional monarchies.
Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Luxemburg and the United Kingdom.
What is the difference between hard news and soft news?
Hard news: reports about politics, public administration, the economy, science, technology and related topics.
Soft news: reports about celebrities, human interest, sport and other entertainment-centered stories
What is the difference between internal and external pluralism?
Internal: defines the state of having a plurality of voices, opinions and analyses on media system. Reflects how social and political diversity are reflected in media content.
External: External pluralism: the coexistence of different and diverse types of medias. Covers the number of owners, media companies, independent editorial boards, channels, titles or programmes. This type of pluralism is also known as the 'plurality' of suppliers.
What is conglomeration?
It is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media.
Media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms.
What is a prosumer?
the role between producing and consuming media content
Can contemporary media operate as a public sphere? Why?
-Contemporary media is mainly private à corporate interests (economical profit, political bias).
-less plurality
-Contemporary media fail to operate as a public sphere.
Who is the most irritating but also entertaining professor?
RAPHAEL.