Perception 1
This is a way our brain makes sense of information by starting with the small details and then building up to a complete perception.
What is Bottom-Up Processing?
This involves interpreting sensory information based on the larger context, prior knowledge, and expectations.
What is top-down processing?
The cognitive process of fitting new information into existing schemas.
What is assimilation?
Cognitive process that focuses on finding a single, correct solution to a problem by applying logical steps.
Convergent Thinking
The initial stage of memory where sensory information is stored for a very brief period. It acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses and retains impressions of these stimuli for a few seconds at most.
Sensory Memory
The failure to notice large changes in one's environment when the change occurs simultaneously with a visual disruption.
What is change blindness?
When each eye sees a slightly different picture because of their separate positions on our face.
What is retinal disparity?
Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that simplify decision-making by reducing the cognitive burden.
Heuristics
How information is presented influences decisions and perceptions.
What is framing?
Involves conscious recall of facts and experiences.
Explicit Memory
Ability to perceive colors of objects as stable under varying lighting conditions.
What is color constancy?
Our ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment, like a crowded party, while tuning out other stimuli.
What is the Coctail Party Effect?
Cognitive bias where individuals continue investing time, money, or effort into a project or decision because they have already invested so much, even if the returns are poor or the endeavor no longer aligns with their goals.
Sunk-cost fallacy
The extent to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
Validity
A type of implicit memory that involves the recall of how to perform tasks or skills automatically. It includes:
Procedural
Mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret information in the world around us.
What is a schema?
The concept that we perceive whole objects or figures (gestalts) rather than just a collection of parts.
What is Gestalt Principle/Psychology?
Consistency in test results over time and among different scorers. It assures that a test yields stable and dependable measurements.
Reliability
The trend of average IQ scores increasing over generations. It suggests a rise in general intelligence due to environmental and cultural factors
Flynn Effect
When you remember information better in the same environment where you first learned it.
Context-Dependent Memory
When an individual fails to notice an unexpected stimulus in their visual field when their attention is focused on something else.
Innatentional Blindness
When our eyes move inward toward each other to focus on a close object.
What is Convergance?
The phenomenon where individuals underperform in situations where they feel at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group.
Stereotype Threat
Shows how well a test can forecast future outcomes or behaviors. It measures if test scores can predict future performance accurately.
Predictive Validity
Progressive neurological disorder that leads to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.
Alzheimer's Disease