basic bacteria
Premature newborn develops sepsis and meningitis 10 days after birth. Blood and CSF cultures show gram-positive cocci in chains that are β-hemolytic and bacitracin-resistant. This organism is responsible.
What is Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)?
These two drugs inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding the 30S ribosomal subunit, but they do so at different stages. One blocks aminoacyl-tRNA attachment and causes misreading of mRNA, while the other blocks attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site.
What is Gentamycin and Tetracyclines
A newborn develops lethargy and jaundice after an exposure to a sulfonamide. Labs show increased free bilirubin despite no major change in the bilirubin production. The side effect is called this, and it is due to this mechanism.
What is Kernicterus, and sulfonamide & bilirubin competing for albumin binding?
3' RNA LTR codes for this DNA in the HIV positive sense RNA
This drug is only able to be used in very select regions due to a widespread resistance that pumps this drug out of the acidic food vacuole.
What is chloroquine?
Massive, painless, nonbloody "rice-water" diarrhea after traveling to an area with poor sanitation. Treat with aggressive fluid and electrolyte replacement. This organism is responsible.
What is Vibrio cholerae?
A patient has a resistant infection caused by a gram-positive organism that has acquired a gene encoding an altered D-Ala-D-Ala precursor. What is the expected change, and what is the effect of the mutation?
What is D-Ala-D-Ala --> D-Ala-D-Lac, which decreases vancomycin binding by 1000x
An elderly patient was found to have retinitis that spurred from a virus that had been hiding latent within epithelial cells and leukocytes for years. This is the reason that the infection stayed latent.
What is CD8+ T cell surveillance
This organism & its associated disease is the cause of a cluster of high fever + rash that starts at chest & spares hands and feet + pneumonia + (back) myalgias + diarrhea.
What is a louse carrying rickettsia proweskii & epidemic typhi?
A patient just received their pneumococcal vaccine. In the light zone of the germinal center, these activities occur, producing these types of cells. (2 things)
What is Tfh cells help B cells undergo affinity maturation and class-switch recombination,
producing long-lived plasma cells and germinal-center–dependent memory B cells.
A sexually active man has urethritis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing is negative, but a NAAT is positive for another organism. The organism has an infectious extracellular form and a replicating intracellular form. This form of the organism is responsible for replication.
What is the reticulate body of Chlamydia trachomatics?
A patient with MRSA is treated with this cephalosporin that is unusual among drugs in its class because it remains effective despite the organism's altered penicillin-binding protein.
what is ceftaroline?
A cell with CD45RA(−) CD45RO(+) CCR7(+) CD62L(+) markers are likely to be found in this region.
What is the lymph node?
Central memory, ready to be activated
An infant presents with the triad of Eczema, recurrent ear / lung / sinus infections, & thrombocytopenia with small platelets because of this disease & this mechanism.
What is Wiskott-Aldrich disease due to a defective WAS gene - non-functional actin cytoskeleton in lymphocytes & megakaryocytes = immune dysfunction
in the mucosal environment, a raise in TGF-B promotes IgA class switching, and these new Ab cross the mucosal membrane via this mechanism.
What is their J chain attatching to a poly-Ig receptor on the basolateral surface of epithelium and undergoing transcytosis.
Bonus: the leftover part becomes their secrotary component to protect them
A child with severe pharyngitis has a thick pseudomembrane that bleeds when scraped. The responsible bacterium produces an A-B exotoxin. The exotox inhibits this cellular process.
What is Protein dsynthesis?
{Via ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 --> inhibit translation}
A hospitalized patient has a serious infection caused by a gram-negative organism producing an enzyme that hydrolyzes many β-lactam antibiotics. The physician selects between these drugs because they are highly resistant to many β-lactamases and have broad gram-negative coverage. However, resistance can still occur through loss of porins or increased efflux.
What are Meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin
A newly dx HIV patient presents with 4 days of progressive confusion, headache, neck pain, and fevers. CT and MRI are unremarkable. LP showed a very elevated opening pressure, low glucose, and high protein. CD4 = 80. Patient is started on amphotercin B + flucytosine. Patient improves. When starting on ART two weeks later, the patient becomes significantly more sick & begins to detirorate. This is the appropriate management.
What is continue ART, continue treating the OI, and add corticosteroids for inflammation for the disease
(this is paradoxical IRIS?
(you should wait 4-8 weeks to give ART post TB & cryptococcal meningitis or it will reflare the inital disease)
A patient with untreated HIV presents with the following symptoms, caused by this organism: subacute dry cough, fever, hypoxia; diffuse bilateral ground-glass; ± pneumothorax from ruptured cysts.
What is Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJP)? (CD4 < 200 for prophylaxis)
Increased fiber in a patient with suffienct Bacteriodes bacteria can lead to increased insulin sensitivity via this mechanism.
What is fiber is fermented by gut microbiome to SCFA (Butyrate), which are important signalling molecules to increase insulin sensitivity.
Bonus: also promotes Treg differentiation = less inflamation!
Bonus Bonus: ↑ Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio = higher energy harvester = absorb more calories = increase obesity risk
A child presents with fever, severe headache, rash beginning on the wrists and ankles and spreading to the palms and trunk, thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, and altered mental status after a tick bite. Treatment with doxycycline is started immediately. This cell is the organ's target in the host that causes the symptoms.
What is vascular endothelial cells?
(Rickettsia rickettsii infects endothelial cells → endothelial injury → increased vascular permeability → edema, hemorrhage, hypotension, and thrombocytopenia.)
These drugs are UTP analogs given in combination for 8 weeks that inhibit viral replication and RNA dependent RNA polymerase, respectively. Common side effects include fatigue, headache, and insomnia.
What are ledipasvir and sofobusvir? (HCV)
A researcher adds the adjuvant MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A) to their subunit vaccine to make this cellular event occur.
What is MPL binding TLR-4 to activate DCs to create more Abs?
(MPL = a PAMP, needed to stimulate the immune system since subunits & vectors & toxoids don't have LPS attached)
This virus evades your immune system via subversion to host cytokine response, interfering with Ag presentation, and interfering with INF-a/b responses.
What is Herpes?
fas-L is found on this cell
what are t-cells
*pd-1 is also on T cell