Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Miscellaneous
100
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
Metabolism, Growth, Response, Reproduction, Evolution, Heredity, Homeostasis, Organization
100
Which has a lower Tm: butter or oil? Why?
Oil because oil has shorter chain and unsaturated fatty acids (othewise it would have a higher Tm)
100
What was the Chase-Pulse Experiment?
The pulse-chase experiment was used to define the secretory pathway in cells. In this experiment, the pulse involved labeling newly made proteins with radioactive amino acids, which were incorporated in the rough ER. During the chase, non-radioactive amino acids were added, allowing scientists to track the movement of the labeled proteins over time. This revealed that proteins move from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus, then to secretory vesicles, and finally to the cell membrane.
100
What are the steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Processing, Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle), Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative Phosphorylation
100
What are the types of junctions animal cells have?
Adhesive junctions, tight junctions, and gap junctions
200
What are the principles of cell theory and what are some exceptions discussed in the lecture?
1. All organisms consist of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
3. All cells arise only from preexisting cells
Exceptions: The first living cells, Man-made synthetic cells, Life elsewhere in the universe
200
What are the three types of membrane protein?
1. integral membrane proteins
2. peripheral proteins
3. lipid-anchored proteins
200
Explain how signal transduction and signal amplification are related to each other.
Signal transduction is the actual propogation of the signal whereas signal amplification makes the signal larger/louder.
200
Why is the first step of glycolysis a one way reaction?
It is because hexokinase is allosterically inhibited by its product G6P.
200
What is the most abundant organic macromolecule on Earth?
Cellulose
300
How many times larger is, in volume, a cell that has a diameter of 30um versus a cell with a diameter of 10um?
27
300
Explain why some molecules can and cannot pass through the lipid bilayer? Give an example of each.
Because of the properties that the bilayer possesses allows certain molecules to pass/not pass.
small hydrophobic molecules (O2) yes
small uncharged polar molecules (H2O) yes
larger uncharged polar molecules (amino acid) no
ions (Ca2+) no
300
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
Evading apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, tissue invasion and metastasis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis
300
Name the inputs and outputs of each step of cellular respiration. (and include the net amount too)
I trust your answer, your smart!
300
Why do trees get galls or burls?
It is because trees get tumors but they cannot metastasize because the cells are enclosed by rigid cell walls. So this prevents the migration of the malignant cells to other areas of the tree. Burls and galls can also be caused by microbes, insects and, mites.
400
Compare and Contrast Bacteria and Archaea.
Both Prokarya
Bacteria: Smallest/simplest cells, Divide rapidly, Evolve quickly, Any species can have many different strains
Archaea: Thought to be more related to eukaryotes than bacteria, tend to live in extreme environments (thermophiles: heat-loving, halophiles: salt-loving, methanogens: convert CO2 into CH4 in the gut)
400
Draw and label an action potential for the Na/K+ pump. (make sure to label where Na is coming in and etc.)
400
What are the functions of microtubules.
Intracellular Transport, Cell division, Cillia and Flagella
400
Explain C3, C4, and CAM Plants.
C3 plants use the Calvin Cycle directly for carbon fixation, producing a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglycerate as the first stable product. The key enzyme involved is RuBisCO, can also bind to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. This leads to a wasteful process called photorespiration, especially under high temperatures and low CO₂ conditions. C3 photosynthesis is most efficient in cool, moist environments with normal light conditions. Examples of C3 plants include rice, wheat, and soybeans.
C4 plants have adapted to minimize photorespiration by using a two-step process for carbon fixation. In the mesophyll cells, CO₂ is initially fixed by the enzyme PEP carboxylase into a four-carbon compound called oxaloacetate. This compound is then transported to bundle sheath cells, where CO₂ is released and refixed by RuBisCO via the Calvin Cycle. This spatial separation between initial CO₂ capture and the Calvin Cycle allows the plant to concentrate CO₂ around RuBisCO, reducing photorespiration. Common C4 plants include corn, sugarcane, and sorghum.
CAM plants are adapted to extremely dry environments. They open their stomata at night to take in CO₂, which is stored as malic acid in vacuoles. During the day, the stomata remain closed to conserve water, and the stored CO₂ is released internally for use in the Calvin Cycle. This temporal separation of steps allows CAM plants to survive in arid conditions. Examples include cacti, succulents, and pineapple.
400
What are some roles of the extracellular space?
-Source of nourishment
-Site of waste removal
-Osmotic balance
-Means for cell-cell communication
-Place for Cellular movement
-Maintenance of tissue/organ integrity
-Site for formation of colonies
500
Explain Endosymbiont theory and give 3 pieces of evidence to support it.
Endosymbiont theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from ancient prokaryotes that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells
Evidence: Mitochondria and chloroplasts...
1. have double membranes and the inner membrane has bacterial-like lipids
2. contain their own DNA and ribosomes
3. have similar ribosomal properties
4. have circular DNA molecules without histones
5. reproduce via fission
500
What are the 4 types of intercellular communication and explain each.
Endocrine: Long range, hormones are secreted into circulation, may act on a variety of target cells
Paracrine: Short range, signals diffuse locally through the extracellular medium
Synaptic: Neuronal signal propagation has long range but target cell must be immediately close, delivered quickly and with high specificity to individual target cells
Juxtacrine: Direct contact, No signal secretion, Membrane-bound signals bind to extracellular receptor on target cell
500
Draw the endomembrane system and the components taught about it in lecture (the best drawing wins).
See Boards
500
Explain Photosynthesis.
I trust your answer, lol!
500
Give a definition for each of the following types of microscopy: Brightfield, Phase Contrast, Fluorescence, SEM, TEM
Brightfield: Passes light directly through specimen; unless cell is naturally pigmented or artificially stained, image has little contrast
Phase Contrast: Enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in refractive index within specimen; especially useful for examining living unpigmented cells
Fluorescence: Shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell. Fluorescent substances absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit visible light. The fluorescing molecules may occur naturally in the specimen but more often are made by tagging the molecules of interest with fluorescent dyes or antibodies
SEM: Uses electron beams to visualize surfaces; useful to observe the three-dimensional surface details of specimens
TEM: Uses electron beams that pass through a specimen to visualize small images; useful to observe small, thin specimens such as tissue sections and subcellular structures