Chapter 8 - Skill and Skill Acquisition
What are 4 key factors that can affect variation of skill?
Age and maturity
Arousal conditions
Facilities
Environment
Teaching and coaching
Anxiety
Motivation
Culture
Name what type of motivation a reward is?
Extrinsic
Discuss the BADS acronym in relation to Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED's).
Beta Blockers - reduce anxiety, prevent adrenaline, keep heart rate low
Anabolic Steroids - increase muscle mass, allow harder training, speed up recovery time
Diuretics - increase water passed, reduces weight quickly, mask other PED's
Stimulants - affect the CNS, reduce pain and increase alertness
Explain the acronym RICE.
Rest - stop the activity and prevent further injury
Ice - apply an ice pack to minimise pain and swelling
Compression - wrap the area with compression to decrease swelling
Elevation - keep the injury above heart level to reduce swelling
What are 3 characteristics that determine a skillful athlete?
Accurate
Consistent
Fluent
Coordinated
Aesthetically pleasing
Goal directed
What is an introvert? Are they more suited to different sports?
Quiet, shy, reserved people that like being by themselves.
They enjoy taking part in activities and sports by themselves. They tend to dislike contact sports and have a lower tolerance of pain (these are generalisations and not true for all introverts)
Why is blood doping banned by WADA?
It is the misuse of a technique and/or substance to increase a performers red blood cell count
Discuss the four types of feedback.
Intrinsic - information that comes from within (thoughts and feelings)
Extrinsic - information that comes from an external source (coach, teacher)
Knowledge of results - knowing the score, distance, time, allows you to measure how you have done
Knowledge of performance - analysing the quality of your movement or technique (felt good or 'clean')
Discuss the difference between a fine and gross skill?
Fine - precise levels of skills that require high levels of accuracy and technique.
Gross - movements that use large muscle groups to produce big, powerful movements.
Discuss how breathing can assist performance.
It reduces anxiety and relaxes the body.
List the three levels of risk.
Absolute risk
Real risk
Perceived risk
What are the four types of guidance?
Visual - in the form of images
Verbal - in the form of words
Manual - 'hands on', guiding you through a golf swing
Mechanical - guidance on how to use the physical support such as a harness
Give a brief summary of the four stages of the information-processing model.
Input - information received
Decision-making - information analysed, stored in Short-Term Memory (STM) and after repeated trials can be stored in Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Output - decision is made and then acted upon
Feedback - Intrinsic and extrinsic feedback allows you to determine what was good or bad about the performance.
Discuss the inverted U theory. Give an example.
Under aroused - low level of performance
Optimal arousal level - optimal performance
Over aroused - low level of performance.
This varies for different sports - eg a rugby match needs higher levels of arousal than archery.
How do we calculate the overall level of risk of an activity?
Risk = Severity x Likelihood
Discuss the three stages of learning.
Cognitive - learn new skills, lots of errors
Associative - practice skills, decrease number of errors as skill improves
Autonomous - mistakes are rare and you can analyse your errors.
What three things does adrenaline do?
Makes the heart beat faster
Causes you to breathe faster
Causes your muscles to tense
Name four types of predominantly soft-tissue injuries.
Muscular injury
Tendon Injury
Ligament Injury
Dislocation