Hepatitis
A
A
How are these viruses transmitted?
Fecal-oral route (contaminated food or water, close personal contact).
How are these viruses transmitted?
Fecal-oral route, primarily via contaminated water, especially in resource-limited areas.
Are there rapid diagnostic tests available?
Enzyme Immunoassays (EIAs)
Can Astrovirus be cultured in laboratory settings?
No, Astrovirus cannot be routinely cultured in standard laboratory cell lines, limiting its diagnosis to molecular and antigen-based methods.
Can Rotavirus be cultured in laboratory settings?
Rotavirus can be cultured in specific cell lines (e.g., MA104 cells), though molecular methods like RT-PCR are more commonly used for diagnosis.
What specimens are required for diagnosis?
Stool samples,Blood samples
What are the main diagnostic methods?
Detect IgM anti-HEV for acute infection and IgG anti-HEV for past infection or immunity.
What are other diagnostic methods?
Electron Microscopy (EM): Visualizes viral particles in stool (used rarely).
Genotyping: Helps identify Norovirus strains during outbreak
s.
How long does an Astrovirus infection usually last?
Astrovirus infections generally last between 2 to 4 days.
Super
Dance with your friends
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
Elevated levels of ALT and AST
Can these viruses be cultured in the lab?
Difficult to culture; diagnosis relies on serology and molecular methods.
Are blood tests used for Norovirus diagnosis?
No, blood tests are not typically used, as the virus does not cause systemic infection.
What is the typical age group affected by Astrovirus?
Astrovirus primarily affects young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
Are vaccines available for Rotavirus?
Yes, there are vaccines available, such as Rotarix and RotaTeq, which are used to prevent Rotavirus infections in infants.
Why does Hepatitis A not cause chronic liver disease despite being a hepatotropic virus?
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is non-cytopathic, and liver damage results from the immune response, not persistent infection, preventing chronicity.
Which genotype of Hepatitis E is zoonotic?
Genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic, transmitted from animals like pigs and deer to humans.
How does genotyping of Norovirus assist in epidemiological investigations?
Genotyping helps identify specific Norovirus strains, such as GII.4, allowing for the tracking and source identification during outbreaks.
What are the major genotypes of Astrovirus, and how do they influence diagnostic strategies?
Major human Astrovirus genotypes (e.g., GI.1, GII.1) vary in genetic sequence, necessitating the use of specific primers and probes in RT-PCR to accurately detect and differentiate strains in clinical settings.
What are the main complications associated with Rotavirus infection?
The main complications include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and, in severe cases, hospitalization or death if not treated promptly.
Why is Hepatitis A more common in children but often asymptomatic in this age group?
Children's immune systems respond less aggressively to HAV, leading to mild or asymptomatic infections, whereas adults mount a stronger immune response, causing more severe symptoms.
Why is Hepatitis E particularly dangerous in pregnant women?
Hepatitis E can lead to fulminant hepatic failure, with mortality rates up to 25% in the third trimester due to hormonal and immunological changes.
What is the typical incubation period for Norovirus infection before symptoms appear?
The incubation period for Norovirus infection is typically between 12 to 48 hours.
How does the asymptomatic shedding of Astrovirus affect outbreak control and diagnosis?
Asymptomatic shedding of Astrovirus in infected individuals complicates outbreak control and diagnosis, as even those without symptoms can transmit the virus to others.
Congratulations
Small drama action like love, emotional, angry