Basic Epidemiology
What is epidemiology?
This science studies the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations.
This study measures exposure and outcome at one point in time
a cross-sectional study
Smoking is an example of this type of determinant.
a risk factor
Low vaccination coverage led to this type of event in measles.
outbreak
What is incidence?
This term refers to the number of new cases in a population over time.
What is a case-control study?
This study compares people with a disease to those without it.
What is primary prevention?
This type of prevention includes vaccination.
What is an environmental risk factor?
Air pollution
What is prevalence?
This term includes all existing cases (new + old)
This study follows a group over time to observe outcomes.
a cohort study
What is herd immunity?
This concept protects unvaccinated individuals when coverage is high.
Hypertension prevalence is best measured using this study type.
cross-sectional study
What is age-standardized mortality rate?
This rate adjusts for differences in age distribution between populations to allow valid comparisons of mortality.
What is a descriptive study?
This type of study describe who, where and when is sick
What is relative risk?
This measure compares risk between exposed and unexposed groups.
This type of data is essential during outbreak investigation.
incidence data (or surveillance data)
Epidemiology studies only infectious diseases.
False
This system continuously collects and analyzes health data.
Surveillance
Herd immunity protects only vaccinated individuals.
False
️ What is odds ratio?
This measure is preferred in case-control studies to estimate association between exposure and outcome.