The Charter of Rights and Freedom
Protection against unreasonable search and seizure, right to life, liberty, and security of the person, and rights upon arrest or detention.
Legal Rights
British Major-General who led the successful assault.
James Wolfe
Laws must be passed by both the House of Commons and the Senate, and receive Royal Assent from the Governor General.
Legislative Process
A major focus is on Indigenous title, land claims, and the right to control resources, which are essential for self-government.
Land & Resource Rights
Canada is actively diversifying its partnerships, recently signing a defense and trade agreement with South Korea (February 2025) as part of its middle-power strategy to reduce dependence on any single superpower.
New Alliances
Ensures every individual is equal before and under the law, prohibiting discrimination based on race, national or ethic origin.
Equality Rights
French commander who lost the battle and his life.
Marquis de Montcalm
A federation with three levels of government: Federal, Provincial/Territorial, and Municipal, each with specific responsibilities.
Structure
Treaties are foundational, legally binding agreements meant to structure the relationship, though they have historically been ignored, misinterpreted, or violated by the state
The Role of Treaties
Traditionally, Canada leverages its position to foster diplomatic solutions, act as a trusted convener, and support international institutions, as seen in its approach to the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Role & Strategy
Freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief, expression, and peaceful assembly
Fundamental Freedom
On September 13, 1759, British troops ascended the cliffs to the Plains of Abraham, securing a victory in a battle that lasted less than an hour, resulting in the death of both generals.
The Battle
The King of Canada is the head of state, represented by the Governor General at the federal level and lieutenant-governors at the provincial level
The Crown
Significant disparities persist in housing, health, and justice, with Indigenous people often underrepresented in political/economic spheres and overrepresented in prisons and child welfare systems.
Current Challenges
Prime Minister Mark Carney has urged middle powers, including Canada, to assert independent, "elbows up" diplomacy amidst US-China rivalry, navigating a complex, multipolar world.
2026 context
Rights for French-speaking communities outside Quebec and English-speaking minorities within Quebec.
Minority Language Education Rights:
British Major-General who planned the three-front assault, including the capture of Louisbourg in 1758.
Jeffery Amherst
Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected through a first-past-the-post (simple plurality) system in 338 electoral districts.
Electoral System
Effective reconciliation requires settlers to understand colonial history, challenge systemic racism, and support Indigenous-led initiatives, as highlighted in Canada at a Crossroads.
Awareness & Action
Some analysts argue Canada is no longer a "serious" middle power, citing low defense spending and economic reliance. Conversely, others view this as a pivotal moment for Canada to lead a new alliance of middle powers.
Debate on Status
English and French have equality of status in all parliament and government institutions.
Language Rights
The Treaty of Paris (1763) formally ceded Canada to Great Britain, setting the stage for British, rather than French, dominance in North America.
Outcome
The leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Commons usually becomes the Prime Minister.
Government Formation
Modern relations involve a push for "reconciliation" (rethinking the relationship between Indigenous and settler nations) and "resurgence" (active, independent revitalization of Indigenous laws, cultures, and governance).
Reconciliation & Resurgence
In early 2026, Canada is navigating a "middle power play," seeking to diversify partnerships while managing its relationship with China
Economic & Diplomatic Shift