Canada's System of Government
Canada has a dual legal system comprised of the Federal legislature and these legislatures.
Provincial and Territorial.
There are two extremes of justice. One is restorative, the other is this.
Retributive
Ancient laws tended to always favour these people.
Propertied class (or the rich land owners)
The process or result of using laws to fairly judge cases, redress wrongs, and punish crimes.
Justice
Fairness or justice in the way people are treated (i.e. freedom from disparities in the way different people are treated).
Equity
This act of British Parliament in 1867 created Canada.
British North America Act (or Constitution Act)
The means used by the law to correct injuries or enforce legal rights.
Remedy
Ancient laws were often written in this kind of formulation: "If you do X, then the consequence is Y."
If - then
The type of case and the physical area over which the courts have legal authority.
Jurisdiction
A form of government by the people in which the majority elects representatives to make decisions, policies, laws, etc. according to law
Democracy
The government body with the power to enact, amend, and repeal laws.
Legislature
In order to restore someone to society who has been convicted of a crime and sentenced to prison, we must first do what to their behaviour?
Correct
This ancient Bablylonian king created the world's first known law code.
Hammurabi
An order to appear in court or give evidence.
Subpoena
These apply to this legal concept: "No one is above the law. The Law will be applied fairly and evenly to all. Agreement to be bound by and subject to the law."
The Rule of Law
Canada's 3 branaches of government include the executive, legislative, and this branch.
Jucidiciary
In Canada, we used to call prison penitentiaries: "house of penance or payment." We now call them this.
Correctional facilities
This kind of ancient law demanded "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a life for a life."
Lex Talionis
When we say that "Judges must be free, but obliged, to decide on their own," or "Judges must be set apart from someone else’s influence or supervision," we are speaking of this legal concept.
Judicial Independence
This can mean supreme power especially over a body politic; but it can also mean freedom from external control, or autonomy.
Sovereignty
A legislature, which in Canada is made up of the Monarch, House of Commons, and the Senate.
Parliament
An approach to justice that emphasizes healing for victims, holding offenders to account in a meaningful way, and involving citizens in the community.
Restorative Justice
To offer an escape from the law of lex talionis in the event of killing someone unintentionally, the ancient Hebrews created 3 of these.
Cities of Refuge
The course of court decisions as distinguished from legislation and doctrine (i.e. application of common law or precedence).
Jurisprudence
Because the Constitution is now the supreme law, allowing courts to strike down legislation violating the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, we in Canada have replaced Parliamentary Supremecy with this.
Constitutional Supremecy