Terms
Process by which a cell reproduces itself.
Mitosis
A nurse is teaching a patient about risk factors for cancer. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?
A. “I should eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.”
B. “I should eat a low-fat diet that is high in fiber.”
C. “I understand that eating a high-fat diet increases my risk of breast cancer.”
D.“I know that eating pickled and smoked foods can help prevent GI cancers.”
ANS: D
D. Consumption of large amounts of pickled, smoked, and charbroiled foods has been linked with esophageal and stomach cancers. A. A diet low in vitamins A, C, and E is associated with cancers of the lungs, esophagus, mouth, larynx, cervix, and breast. B. People who eat high-fat, low-fiber diets are more prone to develop colon cancers. C. High-fat diets are linked to breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men.
What is a biopsy.
Internal radiation given to the patient
What is Brachytherapy.
A patient is diagnosed with a stage I tumor in situ (TIS). Which explanation of TIS by the nurse is the best?
A.“The tumor has spread and is generalized throughout the body.”
B.“The tumor has not invaded any tissues beyond the original site.”
C.“The tumor has spread to the lymph nodes in the immediate area.”
D.“The tumor is situated between two tissues, so there is risk for metastasis to both tissues.”
ANS: B
B. The TNM staging system classifies solid tumors by size and tissue involvement. TNM stages are T0 (no tumor), TIS (tumor in situ, no invasion of other tissues), and T1 through T4 (progressive increase in tumor size or involvement). A. Metastasis is described as M0, no metastasis, to M1, metastasis to some area. C. Extent of lymph node involvement ranges from N0, no nodes, to N4, a large amount of lymph node involvement. D. There is no designation for a tumor being between two tissues.
Specific agent that is known to promote the development of cancer.
What is Carcinogen.
A patient on chemotherapy after surgery develops thrombocytopenia. Which manifestation should the nurse report immediately to the physician?
A. Headache
B. Tarry stools
C. Pain at the surgical site
D.Blood pressure 136/88 mm Hg
ANS: B
B. Tarry stools are a sign of GI bleeding for which the patient with low platelets is at risk. A, C, and D may be problems also, but they are not life-threatening and are therefore lower priorities.
How often is mammography recommended and when?
What is every 1-2 years after the age of 40; can vary depending on family history and patient's risk of the disease.
What are the common side effects of radiation therapy?
What is dry mouth, sores and fatigue.
What do the letters stand for in CAUTION?
What is change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious change in wart or mole, and nagging cough or hoarseness.
Period when the cell counts are the lowest?
What is Nadir.
What precautions should the nurse take for a patient receiving brachytherapy?
What is private room, sign on door, no pregnant women, no children less than 16, limit each visitor to 1/2 hour per day, stay at least 6 feet away from the source, never touch radioactive source with bare hands (use long-handled forceps and lead containers).
How can we decrease nausea with chemotherapy?
What is provide smaller portion sizes, low-fat foods, scheduled antiemetics.
What can we do to decrease the oral pain from radiation?
What is oral care every 3 hours and before meals
avoid commercial mouthwash
avoid smoking
avoid acidic food
How often are colonoscopies recommended and when?
Every 10 years beginning at age 50.
If patient has less than 3 polyps= every 5 years
if patient has more than 3 polyps= every 3 years
These drugs can cause blistering of tissue that eventually leads to necrosis if they infiltrate, or leak, out of the blood vessel and into the soft tissue.
What is vesicant drugs.
Describe neutropenic precautions.
What are:
Private room
mask and gloves worn by HCP/visitors
frequent handwashing
no flowers
no raw fruit or vegetables unless able to peel
fluids not to be left at room temperature > 1 hr
What is the test called that is used to collect cells from the cervix to examine for abnormalities?
What is a PAP smear.
What are the common adverse effects of chemotherapy?
What are:
N/V
Mucositis
Anorexia
Bone marrow suppression
Diarrhea
Alopecia
Bleeding
How does cancer spread to other areas of the body (metastasize)?
What is invade blood or lymph vessels
move by mechanical means
lodge and grow in a new location (contact inhibition is gone)
A patient is diagnosed with a malignant tumor of the bone. Which term should the nurse consider when documenting this patient’s health problem?
A.Sarcoma
B.Osteoma
C.Adenoma
D.Carcinoma
4. ANS: A
A. Cancer cells affecting connective tissue, including fat, the sheath that contains nerves, cartilage, muscle, and bone, are called sarcomas. B. Osteomas are benign. C. Adenomas originate from glandular tissue. D. Neoplasms occurring in the epithelial cells are called carcinomas.
A patient is very concerned about alopecia and her appearance. What nursing intervention should be done?
What is active listening, provide with RESOURCES (wig shops and different ways to mask the alopecia)
What do the letters in the TNM classification stand for?
Tumor size
Lymph node involvement
metastasis
Why do we administer chemotherapy to a patient before tumor removal surgery?
What is to decrease tumor size and thus make surgery less dangerous and extensive.
What is the cancer type with the highest mortality rate?
What is Lung Cancer.