Etiology
What are chemicals that are known to cause cancer referred to as?
What are carcinogens?
What kind of cancer found most commonly in individuals assigned female at birth originates in epithelial tissue lining breast ducts and lobules?
What is breast cancer?
What general cancer symptom is characterized by an extreme lack of energy?
What is excessive fatigue?
What evaluation technique involves excision of tumor tissue for histological examination?
What is biopsy?
What factors are most commonly associated with cancer development?
What is genetic mutation, radiation exposure, chemical/carcinogen exposure, UV, particular viral pathogens?
What type of tumor is made of cancerous cells that can spread to other tissues beyond the site where the tumor first originated?
What is a common general symptom of cancer that involves a persistent lack of appetite?
What is anorexia?
In cancer staging, stage 4, characterized by distant spread of malignancy, is also referred to as what?
What is metastatic cancer?
What environmental/chemical carcinogen is most commonly attributed to the development of lung cancer, specifically small-cell lung cancer?
What is cigarette smoking?
What is the second stage of carcinogenesis characterized by the proliferation and hyperplasia of preneoplastic cells?
What is promotion?
What are the common clinical manifestations related to lung cancer?
What is persistent coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, and bloody sputum?
What specific cancer therapy method involves enhancing the body's own immune system to fight cancer?
What is immunotherapy?
What is the high risk virus strain attributed to the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)?
What is HPV-16 and HPV-18?
What stage of carcinogenesis is characterized by the neoplastic conversion of preneoplastic cells, increased proliferation, and angiogenesis?
What is progression?
Increased urinary frequency, urinary retention, hematuria, lower back pain, and a hard and immovable prostate are all clinical manifestations of what type of cancer?
Which stage is characterized by regional spreading; a growth in tumor size, spread to distant lymph nodes, and effecting more surrounding tissue?
What is stage 3?
Certain proteins play a role in cell cycle regulation to ensure healthy DNA, and the synthesis of healthy DNA preceding mitosis such as tumor suppressors. Alterations in these proteins may result in cancer development. Mutations in which genes coding for tumor suppressors causes breast cancer?
What is BRCA1 and BRCA2?
What type of cancer originates in glandular epithelial tissue?
What is an adenocarcinoma?
What secondary syndrome refers to a group of rare disorders that are triggered by an abnormal immune response to a cancerous tumor that may cause hormonal imbalances, neurological problems, muscle weakness, skin changes, and blood clotting abnormalities.
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
What kind of cancer do prostate-specific antigen tests and digital rectal exams tests for?
What is prostate cancer?