TNM
What does TNM stand for?
T-Tumor
N-lymph node
M-metastasis
Difference between oncogenes and anti-oncogenes?
Oncogenes are cancer genes.
Anti-oncogenes are tumor suppressing genes.
These tumors are generally well differentiated
Benign Tumor
What are the four phases of M phase?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
For TNM, what determines T?
The size or extent of the primary tumor. T1 is small and/or confined to a small area. T4 is extremely large and/or extends into other tissues.
What are the 3 hot topics of research?
Gene mapping, Genomics, and Gene targeting therapies.
Most common cancer histology of the Endometrium
adenocarcinoma
Who first defined cancer as a systemic disease for which they thought local treatment only made the patient worse?
Egyptians in 1600 BC
Only under a microscope
What are the three conversions that make proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?
1.Point Mutation
2.Translocation
3.Gene Amplification
What are the 3 classifications for a tumor?
1.Anatomical site
2.Cell of origin
3.Biologic behavior
This chemotherapeutic agent was derived from the Periwinkle plant.
Vinca alkaloids
For metastasis staging, what does Mo, M1, and Mx mean?
Mo indicates no metastasis. M1 indicates there is metastasis which means the disease is distant from the primary site. Mx indicates metastasis was not assessed.
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that_______?
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that play a part in controlling normal growth and differentiation.
type of staging determined after the first course of chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or RT to see how treatment impacted the cancer
posttherapy staging
Who began to classify tumors by observation (macroscopic)? (5th century BC)
Hippocrates
A chrondrosacroma has been staged with T4, N1, and Mx. What does each of the stages mean?
T4 means the tumor is extremely large and possibly extend to other tissues. N1 means there are positive nodes close to the site of the primary tumor. Mx means we have not assessed for metastasis.
What is p53 and why is it important?
p53 is an anti-oncogene (tumor suppressor gene) that encodes the transcription factor involved with both control of cell proliferation and apoptosis (programmed cell death). It is important because anti-oncogenes stops malignant process to flourish. Inactive p53 facilitates unlimited proliferation and allows malignant process to flourish.
Why are benign tumors "safe" while malignant tumors are dangerous?
Malignant tumors are able to metastasize and will invade/destroy normal surrounding tissue. The effect can be damaging and is often lethal. Benign tumors are well-differentiated. It is encapsulated and has normal mitotic activity. Benign tumors do not metastasize.
Before CT or MRI became available, small tumor extension into normal lung tissues was not visible on chest radiographs. How did physicians determine the extent of tumor invasion for tx planning, and what approach did they take in setting tx fields?
Physician would make an educated guess about the extent of tumor invasion.
Tx fields would be larger to encompass all suspected diseased areas.