Carcinogenesis
Which phase Promotion, Progression or initiation?
Cell divides rapidly, speeds up the expression of the mutation, increase proliferation of cells
phase 2: Promotion
Disease Maintenance, treatment extends life, disease may not be eliminated
Prevention? Cure? Control? or Palliation?
Control
C
A
C- Change in bowel or bladder habits
A- A sore that doesn't heal
Removal of lymph node near the cancer.
If negative, the cancer has NOT spread to lymph nodes
If positive, the cancer has spread to lymph nodes
Which type of biopsy does this describe?
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
PSA is for what suspected type of cancer?
A LFT is for what suspected type of cancer?
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)- Prostate cancer suspected
LFT (Liver Function Test) Liver cancer suspected
Metastasis is r/t which phase
Phase 3 Progression
Prolonged absence of detectable disease
Prevention? Cure? Control? Palliation?
Cure, disease eradication
U
T
U- unusual bleeding or discharge
T- thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Type of biopsy where aspiration of fluid or tissue from a tumor is taken as well as bone marrow aspiration is a type.
Needle biopsy
This test is a late indicator of cancer, pt had cancer for a while but doesn't signify what type, other disease processes can elevate the level, it can be normal during early stage, is used as an adjunct and is not always reliable, has the abbreviation CEA
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
What happens in phase 1 initiation?
A carcinogen (initiating agent) damages the DNA
Reduction of family and patient suffering
Prevention? Cure? Control? Palliation?
Palliation, Symptom management
I
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
What type of biopsy is it when a surgeon removes a piece or all of a tumor w/an incision?
An open biopsy
What grade would you give tissue that is poorly differentiated?
It would be a grade 3, the tissue do not look like normal cells, the cells grow quick and spread
Can DNA repair it self?
Yes, DNA can Repair it self
DNA can be damaged w/mutation w/out metastasis
DNA can be damaged w/mutation w/metastasis
Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary?
Monitoring for and preventing recurrence of original or secondary malignancies
Tertiary prevention
O
N
O- Obvious change in warts or moles
N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
This Dx test measures cancer cell uptake of radioactive sugar.
The positive area "light up" when scan is completed, alert that cells have some cancer activity
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
Which grade is stated as least malignant
Grade 0,1,2,3, or 4
1 is least malignant, it looks much like the normal cell, grows slow, grade 0 is a normal cell so it is not malignant at all
Carcinogens cause mutation in which phase?
Phase 2 promotion
HPV, tamoxifen, Chemo for prevention
Primary? Secondary? or Tertiary Prevention?
Primary Prevention
LETS NAME THEM all TOGETHER NOW!
CAUTION
C-Change in bowel or bladder habits
A- A sore that doesn't heal
U-Unusual bleeding or discharge
T-Thickening lump in breast or elsewhere
I- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O- Obvious change in warts or moles
N- Nagging cough or hoarseness
If cancer is suspected in the lung what dx test will we expect to be completed on the patient?
Bronchoscopy,
Tests depend on where the cancer is
What grade would you give tissue that is anaplastic, no resemblance to tissue or origin
A grade 4! I Knew you Knew! WELL DONE!