Causes of cancer
What is necrosis and some examples?
This process refers to uncontrolled cell death, often results to inflammation.
Myocardial infarction
Gengrene(death of body tissue by lack of blood)
Tissue death
What happens during cell injury?
Cells try to adapt first, if injury is severe it will lead to apoptosis or necrosis.
What is hyperplasia- consists of normal or cancerous cells?
An increase in the number of normal cells, which can sometimes be a first step toward cancer if abnormal cell growth.
What are cancer cells?
Cells that divide uncontrollably and doesnt respond to normal growth signals.
What causes hypertrophy, and what are some examples?
Occurs when cells increase in size due to increased workload, such as in skeletal muscles after weightlifting.
What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?
Reversible cell injury can be recovered, irreversible injury leads to cell death (necrosis)
What is metaplasia and is it reversible?
This reversible change occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by another, often due to stress or irritation. (precancerous response)
What is apoptosis?
Cancer cells avoid this normal process of programmed cell death
What causes atrophy and what are some examples?
Its when the cells turns into a smaller size. Its caused by decreased workload, loss of innervation, or reduced blood supply.
How do cells respond to hypoxia?
Switch to anaerobic metabolism, lead to decrease of ATP production, cursing cell swelling and if prolonged eventually necrosis.
What is anaplasia?
Cells that have lost all resemblance to normal cells and appear highly irregular—common in aggressive cancers.
What is metastasis?
The ability that allows cancer cells to spread from the original tumor to distant sites in the body
What is dysplasia and examples?
Its a reversible disordered cell growth caused by consistent irritation or inflammation and is a precancerous change.
What happens when cells cannot adapt to stress?
Cell injury progresses, leading to irreversible damage and cell death.
What is the order from more normal → more abnormal → most abnormal using Metaplasia, Dysplasia, and Anaplasia?
Metaplasia → Dysplasia → Anaplasia
What is angiogenesis?
Cancer cells stimulate the growth of new blood vessels through this process to supply nutrients.
What are the causes of liquefative and coagulative necrosis, and how are they different from each other?
Liquefactive necrosis is caused by brain infarctions, and it turns tissue into a liquid mass.
Coagulative necrosis is caused by ischemia or hypoxia and keeps tissue structure remaining firm.
What is cellular adaptation and why is it important?
Cellular adaption allows changes in cell structure/function to survive stress. Helps maintain homeostasis.
What do tumor suppressor genes do physiologically?
This group of genes helps repair DNA to control cell division and induce apoptosis; (when they stop working, cancer risk increases)
What is invasiveness?
This hallmark of cancer refers to the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding tissues and penetrate into blood vessels.