Natural selection terms
The different forms of a gene, such as the red or blue beads used in the rat modeling investigation.
EX: Heavy vs feathered seeds
What is, An allele?
The behavioral trait of city juncos that is increased in the UCSD population compared to the Mt. Laguna population.
What is, Boldness ?
This occured in rats of the past resulting in a DNA change that provided rats with increased resistance to poison.
What is, Substitution mutation
The type of seed that is more likely to land in a place it can germinate in a urban environment.
What is the non-feathery / Heavy seed?
Why is hand sanitizer used to prevent people from getting sick.
What is, Prevention of bacteria and other diseases
Outside pressures in the ecosystem that results in organisms changing how they act over time to adjust
EX: Urbanization / Fragmentation
What is, Behavioral adaptation
This stress hormone has a negative relationship with boldness, meaning less of it corresponds to bolder behavior.
What is corticosterone (or CORT)?
The gene in rats that, when mutated, codes for a protein that helps blood to clot.
Is this a positive or negative mutation ?
What is, a positive mutation.
The seed type that is produced at a much higher rate (80–100 per flower) than its heavier counterpart (10–15 per flower) is preferred in this environment.
What is, a feathery seed?
The clear area surrounding an antibiotic or disinfectant disk on an agar plate that shows no bacterial growth has occured.
What is the zone of inhibition?
An evolutionary force, such as the use of rat poison or fragmentation in urban areas, that causes a particular trait to be more favorable within a population.
What is a selection pressure?
The measurement of how close juncos allow humans to approach them before they fly away, which is used to gauge boldness.
What is flight initiation distance?
When poison usages increased over time, this within the population of rats also increased over time.
What is, Percentage of rats with the mutated gene.
The experiment where plants from urban and non-urban areas were grown under controlled, identical conditions in a greenhouse to test trait heritability.
What is a common garden experiment?
This mechanism of evolution which results in an increase in the proportion of resistant bacteria in a population.
What is, Natural selection?
The process during which a large expanse of habitat is transformed into a number of smaller patches isolated from each other.
What is, Fragmentation?
The competitive advantage that boldness provides to juncos in urban environments.
What is better chances of obtaining food and nesting spaces?
Rats when exposed to the poison developed the mutations for poison resistance. T/F.
What is false, It was a pre-existing condition within the population.
The phenomenon caused by human activity that leads to destruction of ecosystems as a result of building developments.
What is, Urbanization / Fragmentation
Who was the scientist that disproved Lamark and who's theory is still used today.
Who is, Charles Darwin
The gradual change that takes place over many generations, during which species can change some of their behavioral or genetic characteristics.
What is evolution?
Researchers determined this about the boldness trait by raising young juncos in the common garden experiment ?
What is that boldness is inherited?
When there is no poison present within the ecosystem. This happens to the percentages of rats with the mutation
What is, Stays the same. (No selection pressure for either trait)
high feathery seed Hawksbeards with a (80/30) split is planted in a urban environment, Over many generations what will happen to its seeds.
The proportion of heavier seeds will slowly increase over time.
How has Urbanization lead to different adaptations within the organisms from the three case studies. List the three major changes that occured.
Poison resistance in rats
Heavy vs light seeds in hawksbeard
Boldness in Juncos