Surgical Oncology
Potpourri
Cell Bio 1b
Cell Bio 1a
Genius Stuff
(Rad Onc)
100
The three roles surgical oncologists play in cancer management.
What are Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment?
100
Screenings that have proven efficacy in cancer prevention
What are mammograms, pap smears, colonoscopies
100
In normal epithelial cells I am a tumor suppressor. I inhibit cell division by working through Smad 2/3 to activate p21 and p16-INK4, but paradoxically in late stage tumor cells I promote EMT and metastasis.
Who is TGF-Beta?
100
The outcome of PIP3 production by PI3-kinase.
What is activation of PKB/AKT -> removal of Bcl2 Inhibitor (BAD) -> inhibition of apoptosis. PKB/AKT also activates (inhibits inhibitor TSC) MTOR -> increased protein synthesis (growth factors) and general metabolism.
100
The name of the units used to denote radiation dosages
What are Grays? (Gys; Joules/kg)
200
The five ways surgical oncologists can diagnose cancer.
What are Staging and Biopsies (Fine Needle Aspiration, Core Needle Biopsy, Skin Punch Biopsy, Incisional Biopsy, and Excisional Biopsy)?
200
Tissue of origin of adenocarcinoma. _____ Squamous cell. _____ Small cell carcinoma. _____ Sarcomas. _____ Lymphoma/Myeloma/Leukemia. _____
Tissue of origin of adenocarcinoma. Glandular tissue Squamous cell. Squamous epithelium Small cell carcinoma. Neuroectodermal epithelium Sarcomas. Mesenchymal (connective tissue) Lymphoma/Myeloma/Leukemia. Hematologic precursors
200
Chronic inflammation is a promoter of tumorigenesis. When TNF-alpha activates her receptors, I eventually get activated, and I translocate to the nucleus, where I activate inflammatory processes that can lead to cancers.
Who is NFkB?
200
I am a cytoplasmic protein that links cytoskeleton filaments to E-cadhering in cell-cell junctions. When I'm not bound up in these junctions I can enter the nucleus and act as a growth-stimulatory transcription factor.
Who is Beta Catenin?
200
The most common process involved in cell death by ionizing radiation.
What is Indirect Action? (In 70% of cases, with water hydrolysis creates free radicals that make irreparable double strand DNA breaks)
300
A minimally invasive form of surgical intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery (SRS) etc.
What is Stereotactic Surgery? (In cath lab huge magnets are used to change the direction of magnetic north to direct the location of ablation catheter containing magnets on tip, guy from Stereotaxis company that lives in Atlanta flies down to monitor procedures)
300
Why are cancer patients often immunocompromised?
Tumors are often associated with decreased immunity (Dr. Lopez), chemo tx decrease immunity by suppressing white count, causing erosions in GI tract, hematologic cancers can replace/incapactiate immune cells.
300
I am known as the guardian of the genome. I'm pretty talented, and can activate DNA repair proteins, arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S checkpoint to give time for DNA repair, or can initiate apoptosis if DNA damage is too severe.
Who is p53?
300
I am a tumor suppressor that targets free beta-catenin for ubiquitination and destruction by proteasomes.
Who is APC?
300
The most common photon interaction in the MV (therapeutic radiology) range.
What is Compton Scatter? (Higher energy photon interacts with a loosely bound outer electron, the photon is scattered, and the electron is ejected)
400
Clinical features that support the use of surgery as primary therapy.
What are cancers that are localized and may be completely removed by the operation, and also cancers that have only spread locally (surrounding tissues and LN), operability- pt can withstand surgery, resectability- is tumor encasing vessels, etc.
400
Tx of neutropenic fever.
What is immediate broad spectrum Abx, after 2-3 days add anti-fungal?
400
Found in most cases of Burkitt's lymphoma, a mutated version of me stays constituitively expressed, leading to the unregulated expression of many genes, including ones involved in cell proliferation.
Who is Myc?
400
I am the ligand whose presence inhibits the APC complex and allows free cytoplasmic beta catenin to enter the nucleus to stimulate cell growth. (My absence allows the normal ubiquitination/ destruction of beta catenin)
Who is Wnt?
400
The machine that is used to generate conventional photon based radiotherapy.
What is the LINAC? (Linear accelerator; electrons are produced by a microwave generator (klystron), injected into a tube-like apparatus (wave guide), and accelerated toward a tungsten target)
500
Other (non-primary tx) indications for oncologic surgery (7).
What are to improve quality of life, cytoreduction (debulking-GYN tumors), surgery for metastatic disease, oncologic emergencies (perf, obstruction, hemorrhage, etc.), palliation, reconstruction and rehabilitation, sentinel node biopsy, installation of ports.
500
The metabolic findings of tumor lysis syndrome.
HYPER Kalemia, Uricemia, Phosphatemia. HYPOCalcemia. (Hyper-KUP, Hypo-CAL)
500
Constituitive activation of the PI-3 Kinase pathway an block p21 and p27 to override the growth-inhibitory effects of _____ and cell-cell junctions and directly inhibits apoptosis by up-regulating _____.
What are p53; Bcl2.
500
Hyperactive Wnt signaling -> activation of ______ transcription factors in the nucleus that promotes ______ __ _______ ________ that facilitates metastasis of epithelial cancers.
What are SNAI1-2 (crawling along); EMT- epithelial to mesenchymal transition. (Inhibits epithelial traits of E-cadherin and cell-cell attachments. Promotes stromal invasion traits of vimentin expression, actin re-organizatoin to promote cell migration, and expression of metalloproteases to penetrates BM and stroma)
500
The most conformal treatment technique in radiotherapy.
What is IMPT? (Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy)
M
e
n
u