Red-y or not
This term means the percentage of total blood volume made up of red blood cells.
Hematocrit
This ABO blood type has both A and B antigens on its red blood cells
AB
This process allows an immune cell to engulf and digest a pathogen.
Phagocytosis
This most numerous type of leukocyte phagocytizes bacteria.
Neutrophil
Activated B cells become these antibody-secreting cells.
Plasma cells
Name the blood protein that carries oxygen, and identify the specific part of that protein where oxygen binds
Hemoglobin; the iron in its heme groups binds oxygen.
What does the “positive” mean in a blood type such as A-positive?
The RBCs have the Rh antigen, also called the D antigen.
Which white blood cells release chemicals from their granules to attack parasites?
Eosinophils
Name the four cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
Where do B cells mature, and where do T cells mature?
B cells mature in bone marrow; T cells mature in the thymus.
Blood oxygen levels fall. Name the organ that releases the responding hormone, the hormone itself, and the effect on red blood cell production.
Kidneys release erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. More RBCs increase oxygen transport
A blood sample clumps with anti-A and anti-D, but does not clump with anti-B. Identify the blood type and explain the result.
A-positive. Clumping shows that A and D antigens are present; no clumping with anti-B indicates that B antigen is absent.
These cells provide an innate defense by killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
An injured area becomes red, warm, and swollen. Which vascular change explains redness and warmth, and which change explains swelling?
Vasodilation increases blood flow, producing redness and warmth. Increased capillary permeability allows protein-rich fluid to enter tissue spaces, producing swelling.
Which T cells coordinate other immune cells, and which T cells directly kill infected or abnormal cells?
Helper T cells coordinate the response; cytotoxic T cells directly kill target cells.
An old RBC is broken down. What happens to its globin, what protein transports its iron in blood, and what yellow pigment forms from heme breakdown?
Globin becomes reusable amino acids; transferrin transports iron; bilirubin forms from heme after the intermediate biliverdin.
Using major crossmatch criteria and considering only ABO type, can a type B recipient receive RBCs from a type AB donor? Explain the specific conflict.
No. The recipient’s anti-A antibodies bind the donor’s A antigens, causing agglutination and potentially hemolysis
During a fever, pyrogens raise the temperature set point in which brain region? Why might the person begin shivering?
The hypothalamus. Shivering generates heat to raise body temperature toward the new set point.
Match each T cell with its surface marker and main job: helper T cell and cytotoxic T cell.
Helper T = CD4: releases cytokines that activate and coordinate other immune cells. Cytotoxic T = CD8: directly attacks and destroys abnormal cells.
Why does the body respond more efficiently when it encounters the same antigen a second time?
Memory cells remain after the first exposure and respond more efficiently when that antigen returns.
A person’s kidneys produce too little EPO. What happens to red blood cell production and the blood’s ability to carry oxygen?
RBC production decreases, reducing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. This can cause renal anemia.
These small cell fragments help stop blood loss from an injured vessel.
Platelets--Drive primary hemostasis by sticking to exposed collagen at a wound site and clumping together to form an initial, temporary plug
NK cells release perforins and granzymes. What does each do, and what happens to the target cell?
Perforins create holes in the target cell membrane. Granzymes enter and trigger apoptosis—programmed cell death.
Which antibody class predominates in the primary immune response, which predominates in the secondary response, and which cells make the repeat response more efficient?
IgM predominates in the primary response; IgG predominates in the secondary response; memory B cells support the more efficient repeat response.
HIV primarily attacks helper T cells. Why does losing these cells weaken both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity?
Helper T cells help activate both B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Losing them weakens antibody production and the response against infected cells.