Carbohydrates
What are the three elements that make up carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
What two monosaccharides make up sucrose?
Glucose and Fructose
What polysaccharide is the primary component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
What is the primary role of glucose in the body?
Glucose is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.
Name two common hexose sugars.
Glucose and Fructose
What is the bond called that connects two monosaccharides?
A glycosidic bond
What type of glucose polymer is used for short-term energy storage in animals?
Glycogen
What is the main form of carbohydrate transported in plants?
Sucrose
What is the difference between α-glucose and β-glucose?
The position of the hydroxyl group (-OH) on carbon 1 (it is below the plane of the ring in α-glucose and above in β-glucose).
Which disaccharide is commonly found in milk?
Lactose
Which polysaccharide is used for energy storage in plants?
Starch
Why are disaccharides like sucrose important for quick energy?
They can be quickly broken down into monosaccharides for rapid energy release.
What are the roles of pentose sugars like ribose in the body?
Ribose is a component of RNA, and deoxyribose is found in DNA.
What is the reaction called that forms disaccharides from two monosaccharides?
Condensation reaction (loss of water)
What makes cellulose different from starch and glycogen?
Cellulose is made from β-glucose monomers, whereas starch and glycogen are made from α-glucose.
What role does lactose play in mammals?
Lactose is a key nutrient in the diets of infants, being the primary sugar in milk.
Why do monosaccharides easily dissolve in water?
Monosaccharides are small polar molecules, making them hydrophilic and water-soluble.
Name a disaccharide that is produced during starch digestion.
Maltose
Why are polysaccharides like glycogen and starch relatively insoluble?
Their large size makes them less soluble in water, but they can easily be broken down into soluble monomers.
What role does cellulose play in plants?
Cellulose provides structural support as the main component of plant cell walls.