Carbohydrates
What is the building block of all carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What is a triglyceride made up of?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
Which part of the glucose does the Benedict's solution target?
The aldehyde group (HC=O).
Which colors of light does chlorophyll absorb the best?
Blue and red light.
What is the simplest whole number ratio between C. H, and O in a monosaccharide?
1:2:1
Why is a lipid mostly nonpolar?
Each of the three fatty acids has long carbon chains in which the carbon is mainly bonded to another carbon or a hydrogen atom. There aren't many oxygen atoms in lipids.
What causes the blue color of the Benedict's solution?
Cu2+
Which primary color of light has the highest energy and which primary color has the lowest energy?
Red light has the lowest energy and blue light has the highest energy.
How does a bond between two monosaccharides form?
A hydrogen atom is removed from the O-H bond of one of the carbons in one of the monosaccharides and an O-H group is removed from one of the monosaccharides. This is known as the dehydration process.
How are triglycerides formed from the glycerol and the three fatty acids?
Each of the three carbons in glycerol has an OH group. Each of the three fatty acids has a carboxyl (COOH) group. A bridge is formed between the C with the OH group in glycerol and the carboxyl group in each fatty acid because an OH and an H is lost. This is dehydration.
What causes the brick-red color (in terms of copper) of the Benedict's solution when it reacts with glucose?
Cu2O(Copper has a +1 charge)
Why is the ATP molecule a high energy molecule?
There are many O atoms in the phosphate groups with - charges. The - charges repel each other, causing the bonds to stretch.
How is a bond broken between two monosaccharides?
The H from a water molecule bonds to O in the bridge of the monosaccharide and the OH from a water molecule bonds to the C right of the O in the bridge. As a result the bond breaks, resulting in two separate monosaccharides. This process is known as hydrolysis.
How does a lipid break down into glycerol and three fatty acids?
There is an O bridge linking the carbon in the glycerol and the C which was part of the carboxyl group in the fatty acid. An H from the water bonds to the O in the bridge and the OH bonds to the C from the fatty acid. This separates the fatty acids from the glycerol. This is hydrolysis.
What happens to the aldehyde group (HC=O) group in glucose when it reacts with the Benedict's solution?
The aldehyde group (HC=O) becomes a carboxyl group (COOH).
Why is NADPH a higher energy molecule than NADP+?
One of the carbon rings in NADPH has less double bonds than the corresponding carbon ring in NADP+
Why are polysaccharides often less able to mix with water?
A polysaccharide has so many monosaccharides. Each time a new bond forms between monosaccharides an H and an OH is lost. The ratio of C's to O's shifts in carbon's favor. The polysaccharide becomes less polar.
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats are solids at room temperature. Unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature. The fatty acids in saturated fats have C-C single bonds. The fatty acids in unsaturated fats have C=C double bonds.
Which building block of a triglyceride is more similar to a monosaccharide and why?
The glycerol because the ratio between C and the O-H groups is less in favor of the C atoms.
Why is energy released when a high energy molecule breaks down?
A less stable substance (ATP, NADPH) has higher energy and breaks down to a more stable (ADP and NADP+) substance which has lower energy. In order to obey the Conservation of Energy principle, energy must be released.