Blood
What are the 4 components of blood (formed and non-formed elements)?
plasma, platelets, leukocytes (WBCs), & erythrocytes (RBCs)
What causes the release of erythropoietin and what does it cause?
low blood oxygen stimulates erythropoietin which causes the creation of new red blood cells by the bone marrow
What is the covering of the heart called and what are its layers?
pericardium = fibrous pericardium (superficial) & serous pericardium (parietal lines fibrous pericardium and visceral is outermost layer of heart)
Describe functional syncytium and why it is important.
functional syncytium is when a wave of depolarization goes through the whole heart, making the heart contract all at once or not at all
Describe the difference between systole and diastole.
systole = cardiac contraction
diastole = cardiac relaxation
What are the 5 types of leukocytes (WBCs) and their categories?
granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
What is it called when blood clumps together (think your lab with typing) and why does that happen?
agglutination happens when the antibodies of a recipient's blood reacts with and attacks the blood of the donor due to its antigens
Describe the purpose of the heart valves, the two types, and name them.
heart valves keep blood flowing in a singular direction; atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & bicuspid/mitral valves) & semilunar valves (pulmonic & aortic valves)
Where are the pacemaker cells located and in what order are the stimulated?
SA (sinoatrial) Node --> AV (atrioventricular) Node --> AV Bundle/Bundle of His --> L & R Bundle Branches --> Purkinje Fibers (Subendocardial Conducting Network)
When the ventricles are filling with blood what is happening with the atria?
the atria are in systole (contracting)
What is hemoglobin and how many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry?
What blood type is the universal donor & why AND what blood type is the universal recipient & why?
O- is the universal donor because it has no antigens for any antibodies to react to
AB+ is the universal recipient because it has all of the antigens so nothing is foreign to it
Describe or write out the pathway blood takes through the heart.
inferior/superior VC --> RA --> tricuspid valve --> RV --> pulmonic valve --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> LA --> bicuspid/mitral valve --> LV --> aortic valve --> aorta --> arteries --> capillaries --> veins --> START AGAIN
Describe the effect of the Autonomic Nervous System on heart rate.
sympathetic NS = cardioacceleratory center; causes increased HR
parasympathetic NS = cardioinhibitory center; bunches of the vagus nerves act on the SA and AV nodes to decrease HR; DOMINANT CENTER
What are the two parts of phase 2 in the cardiac cycle?
isovolumetric contraction = ventricles contract causing the AV valves to close
ejection phase = pressure in ventricles higher than in aorta and pulmonary trunk so it opens the SL valves
How are erythrocytes (RBCs) an example of complementarity?
red blood cells have no organelles, have a HUGE surface area, and do not use any of the oxygen that they carry (anaerobic ATP generation
List and describe the 3 phases of hemostasis (blood clotting process).
1. Vascular spasm = damaged blood vessel constricts
2. Platelet plug formation = platelets clump together to cover the break in the blood vessel wall
3. Coagulation = blood becomes thicker through clotting factor cascade, effectively forming a blood clot
What are the coronary arteries you learned about and their function?
coronary arteries supply the heart with blood; L coronary artery, R coronary artery, L anterior descending (LAD/Widowmaker), Posterior & Anterior interventricular arteries
What are the 3 major components of an ECG and what are the mechanical and electrical events that occur in each?
P wave = atrial depolarization & atrial systole (contraction)
QRS complex = ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization & ventricular systole (contraction), atrial diastole (relaxation)
T wave = ventricular repolarization & ventricular diastole (relaxation)
What can you expect to see in the pressure change of the atria during systole?
pressure increases
What are the functions of all 5 types of WBCs?
eosinophils = kill parasites; play a role in asthma and allergies
basophils = histamine (allergies); heparin (anticoagulation)
lymphocytes = react to virus & tumor cells; antibody creation
monocytes = macrophages; phagocytize bacteria, viruses, & parasites
What are the different pathologies of one of the formed elements (RBC, WBC, or platelets)?
*bonus if you can name the main pathologies about each type of formed element
RBCs = anemia & polycythemia
WBCs = leukemia & infectious mononucleosis (mono)
Platelets = thrombus and embolus & thrombocytopenia
What are the coronary veins mentioned on your slides and where do they drain?
great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, & small cardiac vein; all drain into the coronary sinus which empties into the RA
What are the events that cause the S1 and S2 heart sounds and how does this relate to atrioventricular pressure changes?
S1 = both AV valves close; increased pressure in the ventricles compared to the atria
S2 = both SL valves close; increased pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk compared to ventricles
Explain heart murmurs and the two main causes.
heart murmurs occur when blood does not flow smoothly through the heart; incompetent valves or stenotic valves