Blood pressure regulation
deoxygenated blood is carried in the _________ circulation, with a rough blood pressure of __/__
pulmonary, 24/8
Is myocardial infarction relieved by nitrates?
No, due to full occlusion
A diastolic pressure greater than ? classifies as hypertension
90mmHg
Which embryological layer gives rise to the blood island cells
Mesoderm
Describe the flow of blood through the 4 valves of the heart (in order)
Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic
What are the three main factors influencing blood pressure
Blood volume, Total peripheral resistance and cardiac output
On an ecg, what might indicate that the patient is suffering from unstable angina
ST depression
Name 5 risk factors for HT
high sodium diet, stress, obesity, genetics, sedentary lifestyle
During the formation of the atrial septum, what structure allows the shunting of blood into the LA during weeks 5/6
ostium primum
What are the three internal structures of the right ventricle
chordae tendinae, papillary muscle trabeculae carnae
Where are the high pressure baroreceptors located
aortic arch (CNX) and carotid body (CNIX)
(low pressure baroreceptors are located in venous system and right atrium)
What test can be run to assess for recurrent MIs within a 1-2 week timeframe
CK-MB
What is the 2nd most common systemic cause of death due to hypertension
cerebrovascular disease (on an exam put a pin on the brain if this is asked)
Failed closing of which structure causes atrial septum defect
foramen ovale
A heart sound is heard at the left 2nd intercostal space (at sternal margin), which valve is being heard
pulmonary valve
List three indirect hormonal mechanisms to control blood pressure from the kidney
1. RAAS
2. ADH, vasopressin
3. atrial natriuretic hormone
Pathologically, what might appear on a gram stain after a fibrinolysis/angioplasty
Contraction band necrosis
What is one feature of hyperplastic arteriosclerosis you might see on a gram stain
Onion skin, leaked fluid or proteins
Looping of the heart tube begins at day 23. Describe the events that take place
bulbus cordis moves ventral, caudal and right. Atria and ventricle moves dorsal, cranial and left
What does the left marginal artery supply
left side of the heart
What are two stimuli for release of anti-diuretic hormone
1. Rise in blood osmolality (>280mOsm/L)
2. Fall in blood volume (need around 10% decrease)
After an MI, the patient has suffered from mitral valve regurgitation. Approximately how long after the MI has this occurred, and what might the appearance of the heart be
1 day to 1 week (1-7 days). Damaged heart tissue may appear yellow
Why might you see copper or silver wires in a patient with hypertension
arteriovenous crossing with arteriosclerosis appears as copper/silver wires on fundoscopy as it reflects blood flow change
The L sinus horn develops into the ------------- and the R sinus horn develops into the ---------
coronary sinus, vena cavae
anterior ventricular septum and the greater portion of the left ventricle