Pressure and Fluid Dynamics
Blood only moves when this exists.
What is a pressure gradient?
Heart sound occurring immediately before IVCT.
What is S1?
Time when ventricular walls are thinnest.
What is end-diastole?
Increasing EDV increases this.
What is preload?
Valve closure producing S2.
What are the aortic and pulmonic valves?
If LA pressure is 14 mmHg and LV pressure is 9 mmHg, blood moves in this direction.
What is from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
The chamber pressure relationship required to terminate IVRT.
What is LV pressure becomes lower than LA pressure?
Time when atria are largest
What is end-systole?
The Frank-Starling mechanism increases these two forces.
What are inotropy and chronotropy?
The E-wave occurs during this phase.
What is rapid ventricular filling?
Immediately after the LV reaches 125 mmHg while the aorta is 90 mmHg, this valve changes state.
What is the aortic valve opens?
Which event occurs first?
Atrial contraction
Mitral valve closure
Electrical stimulus in the ventricle
What is mitral valve closure?
At this instant preload reaches its maximum.
Answer: What is end-diastole?
Why does increasing preload initially improve contraction?
What is reduced actin overlap and increased titin recoil?
The A-wave immediately follows this electrical event.
What is atrial depolarization (P wave)?
If LV pressure never exceeds aortic pressure, what phase of the cardiac cycle never truly begins?
What is ventricular systole (ejection)?
During which phase are ALL FOUR valves closed while ventricular pressure is rising?
What is IVCT?
A sonographer measuring LV internal dimension for preload assessment chooses this phase.
What is end-diastole?
A ventricle receives excessive preload stretching beyond its limits. Contractility becomes ________.
What is markedly decreased?
Name every event between S1 and S2.
Increasing systemic blood pressure primarily increases this ventricular workload.
What is afterload?
During which phase are ALL FOUR valves closed while ventricular pressure is falling?
What is IVRT?
The ventricular chamber contains the least blood immediately before this phase begins.
What is IVRT?
A patient has severe hypertension but normal preload. Which force rises?
What is afterload?
Place these in order:
Aortic valve closes
Mitral valve opens
LV pressure falls below LA pressure
IVRT begins