Respiratory
What structure is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveoli
What does ACS stand for?
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Explain why gas exchange failure leads to hypoxia.
Oxygen cannot diffuse effectively into the bloodstream
What medication is a beta‑2 bronchodilator used in asthma?
Salbutamol / Albuterol
What does cardiac output equal?
Stroke volume × heart rate
3 stages MI
Ischemia, injury, infarction
What is orthopnea?
What is orthopnea?
What is the mechanism of action of ASA in ACS?
Inhibits platelet aggregation
Irregular rhythm no P waves
Atrial fibrillation
List the three major components of asthma pathophysiology
Bronchoconstriction, inflammation, mucus production
What is the normal QRS duration range?
0.04–0.12 seconds
Explain how carbon dioxide levels influence breathing drive.
High CO₂ stimulates chemoreceptors to increase breathing
Describe the role of the brainstem in breathing control.
Describe the role of the brainstem in breathing control
Why bradycardia causes syncope
Reduced cerebral perfusion
VT Pathophysiology
Rapid ventricular depolarization from ectopic focus