Cardiac 1
What is heart failure?
Inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump; results in reduced cardiac output
Why is hypertension called the "silent killer?"
Most people when they are diagnosed with hypertension have no symptoms
HTN increases the risk of CVA, MI, kidney failure, and death if not treated
What kind of precautions are used for tuberculosis patients?
Airborne precautions
N95 mask
Negative pressure room
Keep the door closed
Commonly prescribed bronchodilator for asthma used for rapid relief of acute symtpoms
What is albuterol?
A protein produced by the ventricles in response to stretching caused by fluid overload in heart failure. This lab is used to diagnose heart failure.
What is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP?)
What are some symptoms of left sided heart failure?
Pulmonary congestion
Dyspnea
Crackles in the lungs
Weakness, fatigue, dizziness
Name some client teachings related to HTN management
Restrict sodium according to ACC/AHA guidelines
Reduce weight if overweight
Increase physical activity
Encourage smoking cessation
Abstain from/decrease alcohol consumption
What are some teaching points related to asthma management?
Use of peak flow meter with asthma action plan
Identification and avoidance of triggers
Proper inhaler use, order of medication administration r/t bronchodilators/steroids
This inhaled corticosteroid is used for long-term control of asthma and should be followed by mouth rinsing to prevent oral candidiasis
What is fluticasone?
Buildup of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and wastes within the lining of the arteries.
What is atherosclerosis?
What are some symptoms of right sided heart failure?
Jugular vein distention
Peripheral edema
Increased blood pressure
What are risk factors for development of atherosclerosis?
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Uncontrolled blood sugars
Sedentary lifestyle
Being overweight/obese
What is the most accurate diagnostic method for tuberculosis?
Sputum culture - Acid fast stain
Used in treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections
Antituberculars (antibiotics)
Isoniazid
Rifampin
A strategy to ensure adherence in treatment of TB where a designated person observes the patient take each dose of their medication
What is Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)?
What is ejection fraction?
Percentage of blood ejected from the heart during systole. Normal ranges from ~50-70%; low ejection fraction is seen in heart failure.
What is angina? What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?
Angina is chest pain caused by inadequate blood flow, resulting in hypoxia of the cardiac tissue
Stable angina occurs with exertion in a familiar pattern, and shows relief with rest or with nitroglycerin administration..
Unstable angina has an unpredictable pattern, as well as poor relief with rest or with nitroglycerin administration.
What are some important teachings related to tuberculosis treatment?
Adhere to medication regimen (long course of multiple antibiotics)
Avoid alcohol d/t hepatotoxicity of medications
Take medications as prescribed throughout their course regardless of if symptoms improve early
What medications are commonly used in patients with atherosclerosis?
Antilipemics (Atorvastatin)
Antihypertensives
Blood coagulation modifiers
When oxygenated blood flow to tissue is reduced
What is ischemia?
List some actions patients can take to manage heart failure at home
Limit daily fluid intake to 2L
Restrict sodium <3g/day
Stay active, but don't overdo it
Take medications as prescribed such as loop diuretics
Take daily weights; same scale, same time, same clothing each day
What are some teaching points related to nitroglycerin?
Patients may take up to three sublingual tablets within 15 minutes (one every 5 minutes)
Allow medication to dissolve under the tongue; this allows immediate absorption into circulation
Call 911 after the first dose if symptoms are not improved of become worse
Keep nitroglycerin tablets in its original container; a dark airtight glass bottle
What are patient teaching points related to management of COPD?
Smoking cessation to slow disease progression
Pursed-lip breathing techniques
Increase fluid intake to loosen secretions
Use oxygen as prescribed; oxygen safety measures
What medications are used to treat hypertension?
Beta-blockers (Metoprolol)
Diuretics (Furosemide)
ACE inhibitors (Captopril)
ARBs (Losartan)
Calcium channel blockers (Amlodipine)
Right sided heart failure caused by severe chronic bronchitis or emphysema
What is cor pulmonale?