This is the normal Doppler value for the aortic valve.
What is 1.0- 1.7 m/s
100
This term refers to a poor "squeeze" or overall function of the LV myocardium
What is hypokinesis/hypokinetic
100
This is the formula for determining the CSA of a valve
What is
CSA = 0.785 x D2
100
This is the basic definition/description of a stenotic valve (any stenotic valve)
What is "a thickened valve that has a narrowed opening"
100
This is the "visual" scale we use for estimating the severity of valvular regurgitation
What is the +1,+2, +3, +4 scale
200
This is the normal Doppler value for the mitral valve
What is 0.6 - 1.3 m/s
200
This allows us to quantitatively measure the movement of the myocardium
What is Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI)
200
These are the things you must measure during an echo in order to determine if AS might be present
What is
(1) LVOT Diameter
(2) VTI or peak velocity of the LVOT (PW)
(3) VTI or peak velocity of the AV (CW)
200
Because of a narrowing of the valve with stenosis, there will be an increase in ____ across the valve (This is a primary diagnostic feature)
What is an increased pressure gradient (and increased velocities)
200
This will be the color of a PI jet in PSAX at the AV/PV level
What is red
300
This is the normal diameter of the LVOT
What is 2.0 cm
300
This stage of Diastolic Dysfunction is identifiable by the fact that the MV inflow pattern appears normal until the valsalva maneuver is performed, then it reverses
What is Stage 2/Pseudonormalization
300
These are 3 ways you can determine MVA
What is
(1) Planimetry
(2) MVA = 220/PHT
(3) MVA = 759/DT
(4) PISA--EROA = Regurgitant Flow/peak MR velocity
300
This is a secondary/supporting feature you might see specifically if there is MS or TS. (Think in terms of the IAS)
What is atrial enlargement that results in the IAS bowing over into the other atria.
300
This is something you can measure quantitatively to determine the severity of AI/AR
What is the Deceleration Time/Deceleration Rate of the continuous wave Doppler tracing of the AI jet. (Remember the steeper the slope--the more severe)
400
This is the severe value for the cross sectional area (CSA) of the aortic valve (indicates severe AS)
What is < 0.75cm2
400
These are 3 techniques for determining the ejection fraction of the LV (think the most commonly used)
What is
(1) 2D measurement of the LV chamber in systole and diastole
(2) M-mode measurement of the LV chamber in systole and diastole
(3) Modified Simpson's Biplane (Apical 4 and 2 chambers)
400
These are the techniques you would use to measure PISA
(remember the machine does the calculations be we have to get the data--what data are we collecting and how?)
What is
(1) Zoom on MV
(2) DECREASE color scale (to 30-40)
(3) Determine the aliasing velocity (get this from the color bar)
(4) Measure the RADIUS of the isovelocity shell (mushroom cap)
(5) CW the MR jet and get the VTI of that jet
(6) Enter the information into the appropriate calcs package
400
This is a common etiology for stenosis of all four valves
What is RHD (Rheumatic Heart Disease)
400
These are at least 2 clinical signs and symptoms of severe, prolonged TR
What is lower extremity edema, abdominal swelling, liver enlargement, portal hypertension, dilated IVC and liver vessels
500
This is the normal PHT for the MV and then the PHT for severe MS (2 values)
What is 30-60 msec (normal) and >220 msec (severe MS)
500
These are the 4 potential forms of assessment when trying to determine if a patient has diastolic dysfunction
What is
(1) Mitral Valve Inflow Doppler (E:A, DT, Adur)
(2) Pulmonary Vein Doppler (S, D, Ar)
(3) Tissue Doppler (E' and A')
(4) Color M-mode
500
This is the SV of the AV if the LVOT diameter is 1.4 cm and the LVOT VTI is 45 cm
What is
SV = CSA x VTI
SV = 0.785 x D2 x VTI
SV = 0.785 x (1.4 x 1.4) cm2 x 45 cm
SV =69.2 cc or cm3
500
These are at least 2 cinical signs and symptoms that are common to both MS and AS
What is chest pain, syncope, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, DOE (dyspnea on exertion), CVA, arrhythmias, fatigue
500
This are at least 3 things/sequelae that we have to consider when a patient has significant valvular regurgitation
What is blood back up into preceding chambers (volume and pressure overload); ventricular hypertrophy; chamber enlargement; arryhthmia; overload in the lungs--pulmonary hypertension