labs
What means a high BNP >100 r/t to cardiac system?
HF= <3 failure :D
For what cardiac testing do we use Dobutamine(inotropic) to mimic exercise?
Cardiac stress testing
If thoracentesis is removal of fluid buildup off the lungs, what is pericardiocentesis?
-puncture of the pericardial sac to aspirate pericardial fluid buildup
-removal of accumulated fluid
what means intermittent claudification?
leg pain while walking - on rest-pain goes away
-muscle pain or fatigue caused by walking or exercise due to arterial insuffficiency, muscle lacks Oxygen--> pain
What do we call primary HTN and what population has the highest prevalence to HTN?
Primary- HTN from unidentified cause
-African Americans
if potassium is 3.5-5 what is Albumin level?
3.5-5.5
albumin is a protein--> low albumin in body--> edema
For example, kidney diseases such as AKI, chronic kidney disease, usually are characterized by proteinuria-flushing out the protein--that's why you see swelling in these pt's usually.
What route is Enoxaparin is only given?
SQ
What is the Ejection Fraction, and what is the range?
EF- tells you how much the heart is working, pumping blood, range is 55-65%
Sx of aneurysms and tx?
-mostly are asymptomatic, but pulsating mass, bruit sound, headache
-maintain low Bp, surgery, Nitroprusside
What are some instructions how to take BP?
-Sit quietly for 5min before taking BP, sit upright back supported and with arm at the level of heart and legs touching the floor, empty bladder before taking the BP
what is a common side effect of Atorvastatin?
muscle pain- Rhabdomyolysis
what antiarrhythmic we use for ventricular tachycardia?
Amiodarone
why do we give anticoagulants to pt's with a-fib?
in a-fib the heart pools the blood in the atria--> risk factor for clots--> traveling to brain, etc
what is virchow triad?
1. Stasis of blood
2. vessel wall injury
3. Hypercoagulability
What pts are exceptions for Iv vasodilators in hypertensive emergency?
-pts dx with ischemic stroke and aortic dissection
what is the therapeutic range of digoxin and what are some sx of digoxin toxicity?
0.5-2ng/mL
sx of toxicity: arrythmias, hyperkalemia, confusion, n/v, abdominal pain, etc
what cholinergic medication we use to reverse bradycardia?
Atropine
sx of left side heart failure?
Resp sx: cough, pulmonary congestion, S3-ventricular gallop, SOB, nocturia, oliguria
what nutritious info we educate pts to promote healing for leg ulcers?
-Proteins, Vitamin C and zinc, iron
What is hypertensive emergency and what class of meds do we give to bring the BP down?
-Severely elevated BP and evidence of actual organ damage
-IV vasodilators: Nitroglycerin, Nitroprusside
side effects of these meds: headache due to pooling of blood bc of vasodilating effects
what means a cvp of 9?
overhydration-edema-HF
What classification is hydrochlorothiazide and what means if we see leg cramps in these pts?
-Diuretic (water pill)
-Diuretics cause electrolyte imbalances including potassium-low potassium sx: leg cramps, palpitations
What only diuretics don't cause potassium depletion? Potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone
sx of cardiac tamponade?
hypotension, Jugular venous distension, narrowing pulse pressure, dyspnea
Differences btw aterial v. venous ?
Arterial: cool to touch, dangle legs, painful, btw toes, regular borders, sharp pain worst at night
Venous: warm to touch, elevate feet or extremity, brownish color, little pain, lower legs, pain worst with standing, irreg borders
What is hypertensive urgency?
-Very elevated BP such as 180/120 but no evidence of organ damage
-sx: severe headache, epistaxis, anxiety