basics
In congenital heart disease, which defect type typically causes CHF?
Acyanotic defects
What medication can close a PDA?
Indomethacin
List the 4 defects in Tetralogy of Fallot.
Pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, VSD
this heart disease has these symptoms: Osler nodes, Janeway spots, murmur, splenomegaly, fever
endocarditis
Name one classic sign of cardiac tamponade.
Muffled heart sounds, hypotension, pulsus paradoxus, increased CVP
L→R shunting results in what change to pulmonary blood flow?
Increased pulmonary blood flow
Name two acyanotic defects that can be repaired in the cath lab or via open-heart surgery.
ASD, VSD
What position can help relieve a tet spell?
Knee-to-chest or squatting
Kawasaki disease increases risk for what cardiac complication?
Coronary artery aneurysm
What post-op complication can occur 3–6 weeks after cardiac surgery, with fever and friction rub?
Post-pericardiotomy syndrome
Which defect is common with Trisomy 21 and requires creating 2 valves from 1?
AV Canal Defect
In coarctation of the aorta, how do BP and pulses differ between upper and lower extremities?
Higher BP and stronger pulses in upper extremities, weaker in lower extremities
What medication keeps the ductus arteriosus open in ductal-dependent lesions?
Prostaglandin E1 (Prostin)
What is the hallmark tongue finding in Kawasaki disease?
Strawberry tongue
First-line vagal maneuver for SVT in a stable patient?
Valsalva maneuver
Name one common sign of ventricular outflow obstruction.
Decreased pulses, decreased cap refill, decreased urine output, GI issues, pulmonary edema
Rib notching on a chest X-ray is associated with which defect?
Coarctation of the aorta
What are the 3 surgical stages for tricuspid atresia or HLHS?
BT/Central Shunt, Glenn, Fontan
Cardiomyopathy that doesn’t respond to medication may require what device?
Ventricular assist device (VAD) or balloon pump
What is the drug of choice for acute SVT, given as a rapid IV push?
Adenosine
What O₂ saturation range is typical in cyanotic defects?
50–90%
What’s a key difference between aortic stenosis and pulmonic stenosis?
Aortic = obstruction from LV to aorta; Pulmonic = obstruction from RV to pulmonary artery
What surgical procedure corrects TGA?
Arterial switch surgery
How long are IV antibiotics usually given for infective endocarditis?
2–8 weeks
If adenosine fails in unstable SVT, what’s the next step?
Synchronized cardioversion