Regulation of BP 1
What is the main inhibitory / parasympathetic nerve that controls the heart?
Vagus Nerve
Vasoconstriction increases or decreases organ perfusion?
Decreases
Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal
Continuous: Brain
Fenestrated: Kidneys
Sinusoidal: Liver
As arteries branch the total cross sectional area (increases/decreases). BONUS 1: Where is the largest cross-sectional area located? BONUS 2: Why is (BONUS 1) advantageous for this vasculature's function?
Increases
BONUS 1: Capillaries
BONUS 2: Greater cross sectional area will decrease velocity. This allow more time for blood to exchange gases, nutrients, etc in the capillaries.
What is the biggest "player" when it comes to blood flow? BONUS: What are two other contributors that don't play as much of a role/are hard to control?
Diameter of Vessel
BONUS: Viscosity and Length
What is the body's main response/easiest response to changes in blood pressure?
Change Heart Rate
What are two ways to increase contractility?
1. Increase Venous Return > Increase Stretch
2. Increase Heart Rate (Ca++ Already Avaliable)
What are the 3 types of arteries? BONUS 1: Which type are the most elastic and where is the elastic fibers found (which layer)? BONUS 2: What is the blood supply to Bonus 1 Artery called?
Conducting, Muscular, and Arterioles
BONUS 1: Conducting, found in Tunica Media
BONUS 2: Vasa Vasorum
What two organs are good at protecting themselves with autoregulation?
Kidneys and Brain
Which vessels create the most resistance?
Small arteries/arterioles
If a baroreceptor senses that there is high blood pressure, it will cause the sympathetic response to ______, the parasympathetic response to ______, and heart rate will (increase or decrease)?
Decrease Sympathetic
Increase Parasympathetic
Decrease Heart Rate
They sense Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Amounts
Important mediators of Respiratory Function
What are the 3 layers of Blood Vessels from most deep to most superficial? BONUS: What is another name for the most superficial layer?
Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa
BONUS: Adventitia
What two factors influence velocity of blood? BONUS: What is the equation?
Flow Rate and Cross-Sectional Area
V=Q/A
What is the equation for Blood Flow / what determines it?
Q = P / R
Blood Flow = Pressure / Resistance
How does epinephrine affect HR, Contractility, BP, and Organ Perfusion?
HR: Increase
Contractility: Increase
BP: Increase
Organ Perfusion: Decrease
Angiotensin II production results in (high/low) BP due to Vaso(constriction/dilation) and Water (Retention/Loss)? BONUS: What do ACE Inhibitors Do?
High BP
Vasoconstriction
Water Retention
BONUS: ACE Inhibitors inhibit Angiotensin II to decrease blood volume and decrease BP. Used to decease extracellular fluid in heart failure.
Medium Veins have valves which are extensions of _____. They have a ______ tunica intima and a _____ adventitia/tunica externa
Tunica Intima
Thin Tunica Intima
Thick Adventitia
The two causes of Edema are:
1. Hydrostatic Pressure is (greater than/less than) Oncotic Pressure
2. ___________ is Disrupted
1. Greater Than
2. Lymphatics
What is the equation for Systemic Vasculature Resistance (SVR) / what determines it?
SVR = MAP/CO
Resistance = Mean Blood Pressure / Cardiac Output
In the bainbridge reflex, if it is sensed that blood volume is increased in the atria, heart rate will (increase or decrease)? BONUS: What causes blood volume to increase in the atria?
Increase
BONUS: Increased Venous Return
BONUS: What does ANP/BNP stand for?
Increased Volume
Water Loss
Vasodilation
BONUS: ANP/BNP: Atrial/Brain Natiuretic Peptide
- Potent Diuretics
Which layer of the heart is continuous w/ vessels? Which layer of the heart contains conducting fibers?
Endocardium (for both)
Capillaries can control their local perfusion with precapillary sphincters. When the sphincters are closed and blood is shunted away from the capillaries, where does it go? (Hint: One Word)
Metarteriole
What is the definition of a pulse? (In terms of cardiophys of course)
The difference between SAP (Systolic Atrial Pressure) and DAP (Diastolic Atrial Pressure)