Screening/Diagnosis
This test measures electrical activity of the heart.
What is electrocardiogram (ECG)?
This term describes squeezing chest pain that radiates down the left arm. It associated with CAD, occurs with stress, and is relieved with rest or nitroglycerin.
What is angina pectoris?
*angina means chest pain
This term describes an MI that affects the full thickness of the affected muscle segments.
What is a transmural MI?
The this test to determine the size of the heart and whether there is fluid buildup around the heart and lungs.
What is a chest- X-ray?
(T/F) Presence of ST elevation or Q-waves will determine whether an MI is transmural or non-transmural.
False - The presence of ST-elevation and/or Q-waves is only associated with higher, earlier mortality and morbidity.
They do NOT tell you the type of MI!!!!
This type of beta blocker is used in the case of MI to slow heart rate and decrease force of contraction (lowers BP).
What is beta-1 blocker
*Mnemonic: one heart (beta 1), two lungs (beta 2)
Measuring this determines how well your heart bumps out blood per each beat.
What is ejection fraction (EF)
*This is the volume of blood ejected per beat
Severe CAD may require one (or more) of these three surgical treatment methods.
AND describe what each method is doing.
1) Stenting: Inserted via balloon catheter and expands to hold BV open, improving blood flow.
2) Angioplasty: Balloon catheter is inserted and inflated to push plaque against BV wall and out of the way to improve blood flow.
3) Bypass surgery: Healthy BV removed from leg, chest, or arm and is used to create alternative bath for blood flow.
A patient comes into your office and you suspect they may be experiencing an acute MI. For some reason, you decide to be the first optometrist ever to order three special tests to confirm their diagnosis instead of just sending them to the ER.
In this fantasy-land scenario, name the three tests that can be rapidly performed to confirm your diagnosis.
2) Echocardiography
3) Blood tests
This term describes RV enlargement due to a primary lung disorder.
What is Cor Pulmonale?
This term is used to describe measurements done to determine the blood supply to the heart.
What is “stress testing?”
Name the types of stable angina (4):
1) Exertional: increased myocardial demand
2) Variant: vasospasm or platelet aggregation
3) Prinzmetal’s Angina: large coronary, transmittal, ST elevation
4) Silent ischemia: very common
This is the classic triad for acute MI that you’ll totally need to know as an optometrist…. :)
2) Rise and fall of serum enzyme levels (CPK, troponin, etc)
3) ECG changes with ST elevation or Q wavesThis class of medication can be given within the first 24 hours of MI symptom onset, but are contraindicated in the presence of hypotension and declining renal function.
What are ACE inhibitors?
You could do this to look at specific sites of narrowing in coronary arteries.
What is coronary angiography?
Explain what Angina classes I - IV indicate:
Class I: angina only w/ extreme exertion
Class II: angina with walking 1-2 blocks
Class II: angina with walking 1 block
Class IV: angina with minimal activity
A = Aspirin and antianginal therapy nitrates
B = BP (beta-blocker and calcium channel blockers)
C = No cigarette smoking and control cholesterol (statin drugs)
D = Diet and treat diabetes
E = Education and exercise
As an optometrist, you will totally need to evaluate blood tests on a daily basis to diagnose MI.
This are the four things you would look at (since we’re cardiologists, I mean optometrists…)
1) Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
2) C-reactive protein (CRP)
3) Troponin
4) Myoglobin