Anatomy
In embryology you want blood to flow through this section R-L
What is Foramen secundum
After a PCI, this type of drugs is recommonded
What is anti-platelet drugs?
This condition is characterized by a narrow valve that impairs and creates turbulent blood flow.
What is valve stenosis?
The many layers causes the diminishing the effect of velocity on flow
What is larger arteries having increased flow?
This type of endocarditis occurs in patients with prosthetic heart valves and often involves healthcare-associated infections.
What is prosthetic valve endocarditis
What arteries do the 1+2 posterior intercostal arteries come from
From the Superior intercostal artery which comes from subclavian artery
The only NSAID that can be used in a cardiovascular sense, only in a small amount
What is aspirin?
This type of heart failure can be caused by parenchymal diseases of the lungs or diseases of the pulmonary vasculature.
What is pure right heart failure?
This mechanism involves the heart increasing stroke volume through increased venous return and end-diastolic volume, part of the compensation in heart failure.
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
This diagnostic tool, superior to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), is often used to visualize vegetations in infective endocarditis.
What is transesophageal echocardiography (TOE)?
the ligamentum arteriosum before closure
Ductus arteriosus
Patients on beta-blockers or who have had heart failure should not use this drug
What is non-dihydropyridines?
This term refers to the pressure measured in the right atrium, reflecting venous return and cardiac function.
What is central venous pressure (CVP)?
This hypothesis describes the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures across capillary walls, determining fluid filtration.
What is Starling’s hypothesis?
The Modified Duke Criteria for diagnosing infective endocarditis includes major criteria such as blood culture positivity and this type of imaging evidence
What is positive echocardiography
what is inferior thyroid artery, thoracic aorta, lest gastric artery which comes from the celiac trunk
This class of drugs includes dapagliflozin and empagliflozin and is proven effective in heart failure management, independent of glycemic control.
What are SGLT-2 inhibitors?
The volume of the left ventricle increases during this phase of the cardiac cycle, as blood flows from the atria into the ventricles.
What is diastole?
This characteristic ECG change is often seen in patients with pericarditis.
What is new widespread ST elevation or PR depression
This drug binds to cardiac troponin C and increases the sensitivity to calcium, enhancing cardiac contractility without increasing calcium concentration.
What is levosimendan?
During the ventricular action potential, this phase is characterized by the simultaneous influx of calcium ions (Ca^2+) and efflux of potassium ions (K^+), leading to a prolonged depolarization.
What is the plateau phase
This causative agent of infective endocarditis is on the rise, particularly in association with intravenous drug use.
What is Staphylococcus aureus