Anatomy & Structure
A patient with paralysis of the diaphragm, likely has a lesion in which nerve?
Phrenic Nerve
The cardiovascular system originates from which germ layer?
Mesoderm
This ion is essential for neurotransmitter release at the synapse and plays a key role in cardiac muscle contraction.
calcium (Ca²⁺)
Between which area of the heart will D1 be in an EKG? Is it a bipolar or unipolar lead?
Which phase of the Cardiac Cycle sees an efflux of K+ ions? (Hint: Repolarization)
Phase 3
A 60 y/o woman with a history of hypertension is found to have left ventricular hypertrophy. Which heart structure is primarily responsible for the increase in thickness of the ventricular wall?
Myocardium
During which week of embryonic development does the primitive heart tube begin to form and start beating?
Week 3
The autonomic nervous system controls heart rate through these two divisions, one increasing and one decreasing it.
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
A 23y/o male is brought to the cardio department for a routine EKG. During the recording, we see that the D1 QRS complex is pointing up. What type of axis deviation does this pt. have?
LAD (Left Axis Deviation)
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels from outermost to innermost?
Tunica Adventitia, Media & Intima
This layer of the heart is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and a subendothelial connective tissue layer. It provides a smooth lining for the heart chambers and is continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels.
Endocardium
The septum primum and septum secundum contribute to the formation of which important fetal cardiac structure?
foramen ovale
This specific adrenergic receptor is responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility in response to sympathetic activation.
Beta-1 (B1) receptor
Physiological time range for PR interval (= time it takes for electrical conduction to travel from the SA node through the AV node and into the ventricles) ?
0.12-0.20s
Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole, which increases in conditions such as hypertension and aortic stenosis
Afterload
A 35 y/o male presents with a fracture of the first rib following a motor vehicle accident. Which vessel structure is most likely to be affected?
Subclavian A.
The sixth aortic arch contributes to the development of which major vascular structure in the fetus?
pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus
The neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
acetylcholine (ACh)
Which AV Block is defined by PR intervals that progressively lengthen?
Second-degree AV block, Type I (Mobitz I or Wenckebach)
This type of calcium channel found in neurons and cardiac tissue, is transient and low-voltage gated, contributing to early depolarization in the SA node
T-type Channel
What artery is most likely involved in a myocardial infarction affecting the lateral wall of the left ventricle?
Left Circumflex A.
Failure of neural crest cell migration during cardiovascular development can result in which two congenital heart defects that affect the outflow tract?
Tetralogy of Fallot and Transposition of the Great Arteries
This type of synapse, found in cardiac tissue, allows for rapid, bidirectional transmission between cells. Uses gap junctions.
electrical synapse
Which AV Block is defined by an Atria and Ventrical that beat independently of each other?
Key trigger that initiates calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Influx of Ca2+ through L-type voltage-gated Calcium Channels