Hemodynamics & Heart Muscle
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute is calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.
What is cardiac output?
A patient suddenly develops severe dyspnea, diffuse crackles, pink frothy sputum, and an SpO₂ of 78%. This rapidly developing cardiac complication is suspected.
What is flash pulmonary edema?
A patient with severe vomiting develops hypotension, oliguria, and rising creatinine. Reduced renal blood flow causes this category of AKI.
What is prerenal acute kidney injury?
Before dialysis, the nurse palpates a thrill and auscultates a bruit over this surgically created connection between an artery and a vein.
What is an arteriovenous (AV) fistula?
Increased pressure within the portal venous system contributes to ascites and esophageal varices. This condition is called this.
What is portal hypertension?
This condition affects the heart muscle and can make it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively.
What is cardiomyopathy?
A patient has ongoing ischemic chest pain and new ST elevation in contiguous leads. When promptly available, this procedure restores coronary blood flow.
What is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?
A patient with CKD has fatigue and anemia partly because the kidneys produce less of this hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.
What is erythropoietin?
Black, sticky, tarry stool caused by digested blood is called this.
What is melena?
Usually an upper GI source.
A patient with cirrhosis has new confusion and a flapping hand tremor when the wrists are extended. This complication is suspected.
What is hepatic encephalopathy?
These three major types of cardiomyopathy involve an enlarged and weakened heart muscle, an abnormally thickened heart muscle, or a stiff heart muscle that cannot fill properly.
What are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy?
A patient has ischemic chest pain, a rise and fall in troponin, and ST depression without persistent ST elevation. This acute coronary syndrome is most likely.
What is a non ST elevation MI (NSTEMI).
A patient with kidney failure has potassium 6.8 mEq/L and new ECG changes. This ordered IV medication stabilizes the cardiac membrane while other treatments lower potassium.
What is calcium gluconate?
A patient receiving peritoneal dialysis develops cloudy effluent, abdominal pain, and fever. This complication must be reported immediately.
What is peritonitis?
This medication is commonly titrated to about two to three soft stools daily to help reduce intestinal ammonia absorption.
What is lactulose?
A patient has severe symptoms despite optimized treatment and repeated admissions. This consultation can address symptom relief, goals of care, and family support while other treatments continue.
What is palliative care consultation?
An awake patient with hypertensive pulmonary edema is protecting the airway but remains hypoxemic despite oxygen. This breathing support delivers positive pressure through a mask.
What is CPAP or BiPAP?
This condition involves a sudden decline in kidney function, causing waste products to build up and sometimes decreasing urine output.
What is acute kidney injury?
A patient with AKI requires kidney replacement therapy but is hypotensive on vasopressors. This ICU modality provides slow, continuous fluid and solute removal.
What is continuous renal replacement therapy? (CRRT)
A patient with worsening liver failure has a rising INR despite no anticoagulant use. This impaired liver function helps explain the result.
What is reduced synthesis of clotting factors?
Cirrhosis/liver failure
This term describes the movement of blood through the circulatory system, including blood flow, pressure, and resistance.
What is hemodynamics?
A patient with advanced HF develops BP 78/46, cool clammy skin, new confusion, and urine output of 10 mL/hr. These findings suggest this life-threatening complication.
What is cardiogenic shock?
End Stage heart failure.
This condition involves abnormalities in kidney structure or function lasting at least three months.
What is CKD- chronic kidney disease?
A patient with active hematemesis develops BP 82/48, HR 132, and altered mentation. Name the immediate nursing priority.
Call for help- check A, B, C's, 2 large bore IV access, labs/ type and cross and prepare for possible endoscopy?
A patient with chronic hepatitis and decompensated cirrhosis has recurrent ascites, variceal bleeding, and encephalopathy despite treatment. This definitive treatment should be evaluated if the patient is eligible.
What is liver transplant?
late stage hepatitis