21/22
What is cardiac output and how do you calculate it?
Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.
CO = SV x HR
Most characteristic sign of pericarditis
Chest pain
First line medication therapy for heart failure along with common side effect.
ACE inhibitors, dry persistent irritating cough.
Hallmark sign for patient's with PAD
Intermittent claudication
A normal blood pressure is considered to be?
SBP<120, DBP<80
State in order the cardiac conduction cycle
SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, R & L bundle branches, Purkinjie Fibers
These types of valves are from animals an do not need long term anticoagulation adherence
Tissue valves (heterograft valves)
What intervention should you immediately provide to a patient in pulmonary edema?
O2 (nonrebreather mask)
White to blue to red
Vasoconstriction, decrease oxygenation, then reperfusion
The difference between HTN Emergency and Urgency is that Urgency causes target organ damage.
False
Rhythm with an atrial rate of 300-600bpm and a ventricular rate of 120-200bpm, highly irregular, and the most common sustained dysrhythmia.
AFib
Name some manifestations of angina for the geriatric patient
Weakness, SOB, fatigue
Name the four basic steps of CPR
Recognition of a cardiac arrest
Activation of the ERS
High quality CPR, uninterrupted chest compressions at a rate of 100-120bpm
Rapid cardiac rhythm analysis and defibrillation ASAP
Name lifestyle interventions to educate a patient at risk for a venous thromboebolism.
Weight loss, regular exercise , smoking cessation
Name the usual first medication prescribed for patient's with HTN along with client education to provide.
A thiazide diuretic.
electrolyte disturbances. Watch for muscle weakness, irregular pulse, dehydration, diet modifications.
Name the three types of VTACH and the treatment of choice for asymptomatic VTACH.
Cardioversion
muscle and joint pain
What are post op care interventions to complete on a patient that has just undergone a pericardiocentesis
Record the output, monitor heart and lung sounds, monitor rhythm, assess VS
Describe the characteristics for patient's with PAD and PVD ulcers.
PAD ulcers - small circular and deep. Seen on tips of toes, web spaces or medial side of hallux or lateral side of fifth toe.
PVD - large, superficial, irregular with heavy exudate. Patient's usually have edema present too. Effective compression therapy is key for healing and avoiding reoccurrence.
Name six risk factors for HTN
Smoking, dsylipidemia, advancing age (women >65 y/o, men >45 y/o), African American, ETOH, obesity, family hx, sedentary lifestyle, stress
What is an ICD and what typical patients are candidates for one?
Patients who have survived sudden cardiac death (caused by VFIB or VTACH)
Patients who have experienced spontaneous, symptomatic VT
Patients with coronary artery disease who are 40 days postacute MI with moderate to severe LV dysfunction (ejection fraction less than or equal to 35%) and are at risk of sudden cardiac death
State the ideal level for:
Total Cholesterol, HDL and LDL (males and females)
Total Cholesterol - <200
HDL - >50 females, >40 males
LDL - <100
Name manifestations of R and L sided heart failure
R - Viscera and peripheral congestion, Jugular venous distention (JVD), Dependent edema, Hepatomegaly, Ascites, Weight gain
L - Pulmonary congestion, crackles, S3, DOE, Low O2 sat, Dry, nonproductive cough initially, Oliguria, Orthopnea
Name the syndrome that is usually caused by a DVT along with clinical manifestations and greatest risk factor for the patient.
Post-thrombotic syndrome. Patient will have altered pigmentation, edema, pain, and stasis dermatitis (dry, cracked and itchy skin). Symptoms are worse in the evening.
Risk of leg ulcers.
Name some retinal changes a hypertensive patient might present with.
Hemorrhages, exudate, cotton woolspots, if severe papilledema - patient can have visual disturbances.