Endocrine
What hormones are released by the Anterior Pituitary Gland? Which ones are tropic hormones?
1. GH
2. Prolactin
Tropic:
3. TSH
4. ACTH
5. FSH
6. LSH
What is the largest reservoir of blood? What percentage of blood does it hold?
VEINS - 60%
NAME THE 2 ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
AND NAME THE 2 SEMILUNAR VALVES
TRICUSPID AV VALVE
BICUSPID AV VALVE
PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE
AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
WHAT DOES THE P WAVE REPRESENT ON AN EKG?
ATRIAL Depolarization
What is the function of Blood? Name an example of each.
1. Transportation (waste, nutrients, O2, hormones)
2. Protection (white blood cells, antibodies)
3. Homeostatic Balance (pH, temperature, fluid volume)
Describe the 3 types of hormonal stimuli?
1. Humoral: secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood concentrations of specific chemicals
2. Hormonal: hormones release in response to tropic hormones released by other endocrine glands
3. Neural: Nerve Fiber stimulates endocrine organ to release hormone
What 3 layers make up blood vessels and what type of tissue are they made of?
1. Tunica Externa or adventitia (connective tissue-mostly collagen fibers)
2. Tunica Media (smooth muscle and some elastic fibers)
3. Tunica Intima or Interna (epithelium)
Which veins carry oxygenated blood?
Left and Right PULMONARY VEINS
WHAT DOES SYSTOLE IN A BLOOD PRESSURE READING REPRESENT?
VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION
What are the 2 primary "pumps" that return venous blood to the heart?
1. Respiratory Pump - changes in pressure from deep breathing
2. Muscular Pump - movement and contraction of muscles "milk" blood toward the heart
What 3 factors affect target cell activation/reactivity from hormones?
1. Blood concentration of hormone
2. # of receptors on target cell
3. Affinity of hormone to receptors
What are the smallest vessels and what are their layers? What comes before and after these vessels?
Capillaries only have a Tunica Intima layer composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium. Arterioles precede capillaries and venules follow them.
What fibrous chords attach to the TRICUSPID and BICUSPID valves? What heart muscle do they attach to?
Chordae Tendineae
Papillary Muscle
T WAVE AND QRS COMPLEX OF AN EKG REPRESENT ACTIVITY OF WHICH STRUCTURE
VENTRICLES
Blood can be divided into 2 main components. What are they and what are each comprised of?
1. Plasma - electrolytes (Na+,Cl-,K+,etc.), hormones, dissolved gases (O2,CO2), waste products (Urea, creatinine, etc.), proteins (albumin, fibrin, gamma globulins), Nutrients (Lipids, carbs, amino acids).
2. Formed Elements - Red blood cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets
Describe the difference between signaling between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems.
Nervous System is fast, short duration, and specific
Endocrine System is slow, long duration and general
What are the two main types of arteries, where are they found and what is their function?
Elastic Arteries are found in the largest arteries closest to the heart and the main arterial branches. They contain more elastic fibers in their tunica media. They maintain a relatively constant blood pressure despite ventricular contraction and relaxation.
Muscular Arteries are found peripherally to the main branches and will contract or expand in response to stimulus/hormones to meet demands of body. They contain more smooth muscle in their tunica media.
Describe the layers of the pericardium and its functions.
Pericardium is divided into Fibrous Pericardium and Serous Pericardium.
Fibrous Pericardium protects and anchors the heart. It also prevents overfilling of the heart.
Serous Pericardium has two layers: Parietal and Visceral layer with serous fluid between. Serous pericardium allows the heart to work in a frictionless environment.
What is the sequence of excitation (nervous tissue) in the heart? Describe each phase.
1. SA Node: self-excitable cells set heart rate and depolarize atria causing atrial contraction
2. AV Node: delays impulse from SA node to allow for atrial contraction
3. Atrioventricular Bundle: carries signal down interventricular septum to apex of heart
4. Purkinje Fibers: passes signal along ventricular walls from apex up causing ventricular contraction
Name all the White Blood cells in order of Most to Least prevalent. Also label each as Granulocyte or Agranulocyte.
1. Neutrophils (Granulocyte)
2. Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte)
3. Monocyte (Agranulocyte)
4. Eosinophil (Granulocyte)
5. Basophil (Granulocyte)
Describe the two types of hormone and their mechanisms of action in target cells.
Amino Acid Hormone Mechanism: hormone attaches to receptor on target cell membrane. Receptor binds to a an inactive G-protein. G protein is activated by GTP. Activated G protein activates effector enzyme adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, a second messenger. cAMP activates protein kinases which catalyze cellular effects.
Steroid Hormone Mechanism: Steroid hormones (and Thyroid hormone) diffuse through the cell membrane and bind with an intracellular receptor. The hormone-receptor complex pass through the nuclear envelope and binds directly to specific gene on DNA via a "DNA-associated receptor protein". This triggers gene transcription, which produces mRNA that are translated into proteins and cause cellular effects.
What 3 factors influence Blood Pressure?
1. Cardiac Output
2. Peripheral Resistance
3. Blood Volume
Describe the flow of blood through the heart from Vena Cava to Systemic Circulation
Vena Cava - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Semilunar Valve - Pulmonary Trunk - Pulmonary Arteries - Lungs - Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium - Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve - Left Ventricle - Aortic Semilunar Valve - Aorta - Systemic Circulation
What is a Junctional Rhythm and what would it look like on an EKG?
SA Node is nonfunctional - no p-wave
What are the 4 stages of Hemostasis? Explain each step
1. Vasoconstriction: arteries contract to restrict blood flow and mediate blood loss.
2. Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets in blood become sticky and attract more platelets that clog vessel tear.
3. Coagulation: Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathways result in stimulating 'Prothrombin Activator' to transform Prothrombin into Thrombin, which catalyzes Fibrin into Fibrinogen. Fibrinogen attaches to platelet plug and forms a Fibrin mesh across vessel break. Contractile proteins in platelets draw the sides of vessel tear together. Blood also congeals into gel-like viscosity.
4. Clot Retraction: Clot dissolves, blood viscosity returns to normal and vessel repairs