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100
What is the blood type of a person with A and Rh antigens and B antibodies?
A+
100
What's the main function of veins, arteries, and capillaries?
Veins carry blood back to the heart, arteries carry blood away from the heart, capillaries are very small and allow for gas and nutrient exchange with tissues
100
What's the difference between systole and diastole?
Systole squeeze -- heart chamber contracts
Diastole is when the chamber relaxes
100
What is the function of the spleen?
Filters blood and activates lymphocytes
100
Label the different waves/complexes/segments
Green = P wave
PR segment
Purple = QRS complex
ST segment
Red = T wave
200
Why is type AB+ the universal recipient?
They have A, B, and Rh antigens, thus they do NOT have A, B, or Rh antibodies. If they have no antibodies, their immune systems won't fight off any blood type.
200
What are some differences between veins and arteries?
Arteries carry blood away from heart, usually carry oxygenated blood (brighter red), no valves, thicker walls, higher blood pressure. Veins are the opposite
200
What is the "lub" and the "dub" sounds in a heartbeat?
The "lub" is the atrioventricular valves (tri/bicuspids) shutting and the "dub" is the semilunar (pulmonary/aortic) valves shutting.
200
What is the function of MALT (like tonsils and appendix)?
Prevent pathogens from entering body through mucosal surfaces by initiating immune responses
200
What is happening during the P wave and during the PR segment?
P wave: atrial depolarization (electrical signal sent)
PR segment: atrial systole
300
What are the four components of blood and their functions?
Erythrocytes (RBCs) carry oxygen
Leukocytes (WBCs) fight off pathogens
Platelets stop bleeding through blood clotting
Plasma is fluid containing proteins and electrolytes
300
Why are blood vessels lined with smooth muscle?
vasoconstriction -- allows blood vessels to get smaller and restrict blood flow to certain tissues. This helps the body make sure important areas get the most blood/stay warm.
300
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
1. return fluid to the blood
2. mature the lymphocytes
3. transporting fat
300
What is the difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle?
Both have striations but cardiac also have the lines between cells (gap junctions)
300
What is happening during the QRS complex and then the ST segment?
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
ST segment: ventricular systole
400
What is the functions of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
Binds to oxygen to transport through the blood stream
400
Write the parts of the heart that the blood travels through in order
S/I VC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
400
What are the names of the primary lymphoid organs where T-cells and B-cells are matured?
T-cells: Thymus
B-cells: Red Bone Marrow
400
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
Sends an electrical signal (action potential) throughout the atria to contract (systole)
400
What happens in the heart due to the voltage spike of the QRS complex?
Ventricular systole (ST segment)
500
The types of white blood cells are neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and basophils. Which type is most responsible for ADAPTIVE immunity?
Lymphocytes (B- and T- cells) learn to fight off specific pathogens. The others are part of innate immunity, meaning they are more general and don't learn to fight specific diseases over time.
500
What are the three steps of hemostasis, which controls bleeding after injury?
1. Vascular spasm -- blood vessels vasoconstrict
2. Platelet plug formation -- platelets clump up to plug hole
3. Coagulation -- blood clotting, strong protein called fibrin reinforces the plug
500
What is the function of the lymph nodes?
Filters lymph and activates lymphocytes
500
What is the function of the AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers?
AV node receives signal from SA node then relays it to the bundle of His, then on to the bundle branches, then to the Purkinje fibers so that the ventricles contract (systole)
500
If there was an elongated PR segment, what might that indicate?
Something is wrong with the conduction through the AV node -- it's taking too long to send the signal for the ventricles to contract