Blood
Circulatory
Cardiac
Lymphatic
Misc
100
What is the physiological name for each of the following: WBC, RBC, platelet.
What is leukocyte, erythrocyte, thrombocyte.
100
What is the vessel wall components of the following vessels. Arteries Arterioles Veins Capillaries
What is elastin for arteries What is smooth muscle for arterioles What is collagen and smooth muscle for veins What is endothelial tissue for capillaries
100
List blood vessels and valves going through the heart starting with the vena cava.
What is RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve pulmonary artery, arteriole, capillary, pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve Aorta
100
What are the various functions of T cells? B cells?
What are helper (release chemicals that attract WBC's -- missing in AIDS) What are cytotoxic (destroy infected cells) What are memory (remember antigen to initiate a very rapid response of the inflammatory system next time) B cells release antibodies which have long term function in preventing disease. One antibody type recognizese and destroys one specific antigen. They can survive for years and years in the body after they are manufactured.
100
1. I have A+ blood. What blood can I receive? Please don't kill me. 2. Will I need to have RhoGAM shots when I am pregnant?
1. What are: O+, O- A+, A- 2. No. Only Rh - mothers require RhoGAM shots.
200
What are leukocytes? and what are the various purposes of leukocytes?
What are white blood cells. Monocytes & Neutrophils: Infection control (macrophage activity) Lymphocyte (T's-toxic/helper/memory & B's-antibodies): confer specific and general immunity Basophil/eosinophil: inflammatory/allergic response release the following: histamine-inflammation (vasodilation/permeability) heparin-- prevents clots chemicals -- to neutralized bacterial toxins
200
What is the purpose of the following vessel types: Arteries Arterioles Veins Capillaries
What is maintaining blood pressure between heart beats (elastin is very tight and recoils back after bolus of blood is pushed through artery). This prevents diastolic pressure from going to zero between heart beats What is controlling flow to various tissues and organs. Body controls the amount of blood flow to tissue areas by constricting or dilating arterioles (using the smooth muscle within them.) What is the storage of blood. Veins easily stretch to accomodate more blood as needed. They can be constricted by stimulating the sympathetic system and causing that blood to go on to the heart to be used elsewhere in the body. What is exchange. Capillaries have semipermeable walls. Thus they are fully permeable to water and dissolved nutrients in plasma and extracellular fluids. Nutrients in plasma leak out into tissues, waste products are picked up and carried away from tissues.
200
1. Lub refers to which set of valves? 2. What are those valves doing to make the lub sound?
1. What are the AV valves (atrioventricular). 2. The mitral and tricuspid valves are closing - this creates turbulance of blood flow as the "doors" shut which can be heard with a stethoscope.
200
What is the benefit of fever? What is a negative?
What is increased metabolic rate to increases REPAIR proceses and decrease microbe growth. What is tissue damage or even death if temperature goes too high.
200
What is contained in a vaccine? How do they work?
What is weakened or dead viruses or bacteria. Introducing the sample into the body causes the body to create antibodies against the disease.
300
How is oxygen carried in the blood? Where are these cells made? What would the symptoms be if there weren't enough of it in a client's blood?
What is: attached to hemoglobin in RBC's. Hemoglobin is a protein found in erythrocytes. Each Hgb carries 4 oxygen molecules, each attached to iron (F3) molecules. RBC's (and WBC's) are made in RED bone marrow. If the client's hemoglobin level is low they will usually exhibit these signs: pallor, cyanosis shortness of breath, especially with activity tachycardia, especially with activity Both hemoglobin and hematocrit are checked in a complete blood count test. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. The hematocrit is the test that countes the total number of RBC's in a blood sample (100 cc)
300
Describe the action of the skeletal muscle pump in getting venous blood back to the heart. Describe the respiratory pump. Describe cardiac suction. What does the ANS system do to blood flow?
What is "milking action" as muscles are contracted and relaxed either voluntarily or through reflex movements. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts downwards, applying pressure to the abdominal cavity. That forces blood in the abdomen to go towards the thorax. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes upwards & pushes up on the lungs, causing air to leave lungs and blood in thorax to move towards the heart. As the ventricles contract the AV septum is pulled downwards enlarging the atria and creating negative pressure in the atria. This pulls in vena cava blood into the RA and pulmonary venous blood into the LA. The sympathetic system when stimulated will vasoconstrict vessels. This reduces flow to various tissues so that is available for other parts of the body (like the exercising muscles) and causes venous blood to be moved towards the heart.
300
Describe characteristics of cardiac muscle (as compared to skeletal and smooth muscle).
Cardiac is striated (have actin & myosin filaments) like skeletal muscle. Cardiac is self-stimulating/automatic like smooth muscle. The purpose of the ANS is to speed up or slow down the heart beat NOT to start the heart beat. Cardiac is involuntary like smooth muscle. All cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by intercalated discs so they act as one fiber when contracted.
300
What is the process of inflammation?
What is: 1. release of histamine to cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability 2. clotting to trap microbes and for damage control 3. WBC action - phagocytosis of damaged tissue and microbes by macrophage cells. 4. resolution - dead cells, worn out WBC's all drained away via lymph vessels.
300
How does aging affect the immune system?
What is: decreased immune response (less fever, less swelling) decreased T & B cell formation and activity in body
400
What are the three major proteins found dissolved in the blood and what are they for? Where are these manufactured?
Where is the liver? What is albumin - important to maintain osmotic balance What is globulin - important in infection control Waht is fibrinogen - precurser to fibrin - essential to form blood clots. There is one other we will learn and that is angiotensinogen. Angio-gen is essential in maintaining normal blood pressure. We will cover this more in depth in the kidney chapter.
400
What two factors determine blood pressure? How does our body regulate and control blood pressure?
What are blood vessel tightness (constriction/dilation) and total blood volume. Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure (mechanoreceptors located in the aorta and carotid arteries). Sympathetic stimulation or absence of stimulation changes diameter of blood vessels (constrict/dilate). Constriction raises blood pressure. Kidneys control blood volume by saving or excreting water.
400
What is the cause of angina? Describe the symptoms that may indicate a person is experiencing episodes of angina. What other symptoms may be associated with angina?
What is atherosclerosis of coronary arteries which results in reduced blood flow (ischemia) to heart muscle, especially during exercise or stress when the heart works harder. Symptoms which come with activity and go away with rest (due to imbalance between blood supply and demand for oxygenated blood). Duration: few minutes Description: Discomfort which is general & diffuse (not pinpoint) Can not be palpated. Doesn't change with movement or with breathing. "pressure, pain, heaviness, tightness, indigestion" Location: chest, upper back, arms, upper epigastric, neck, jaw Relieved by: rest or nitroglycerine Other associated symptoms: SOB, pallor/cyanosis, diaphoresis (sweating)
400
List several causes of lymphedema (what is that anyway?)
What is blocked lymph drainage causes tissue swelling. surgery, radiation, tumors, infections, trauma to lymph
400
Where is the thymus gland and what does it do? Where is the spleen and what does it do?
What is under the sternum and containing WBC's (especially T cells). What is the left hypochondriac area and storage of WBC's and RBC's
500
1. Where are the three steps in forming a blood clot? 2. What is the disease that results from B12 deficiency? 3. What is the disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin? 4. What is the disease where clotting factors are missing? 5. If a person is septic, what is wrong with them?
1. What are vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion (increased stickiness), and fibrin formation to make the clot. 2. Pernicious anemia (you need intrinsic factor to absorb B12). 3. Sickle cell - genetic abnormality - if tissue oxygen levels decline too much, the hemoglobin will become abnormally shaped which can lead to blood clots. 4. hemophilia. These people can receive blood transfusions of clotting factors. 5. Blood infection. Often life-threatening.
500
What are the following? 1. aneurysm 2. cerebral infarction 3. phlebitis 4. thromboembolus 5. hypertension 6. orthostatic hypotension 7. shock 8. vericose veins 9. claudication
1. aneurysm outpouching of artery due to hypertension or atherosclerosis. 2. "stroke" or CVA. Symptoms include: Sudden weakness/paraysis on one side, facial drooping, sudden difficulty in speaking/understanding, sudden severe headache 3. phlebitis is vein inflammation or infection 4. thromboembolus is a traveling blood clot. Leg blood clots often travel to the lungs through the right heart. Left heart clots will travel to the brain. 5. hypertension BP > 140/90 6. orthostatic BP is when BP falls when a person assumes a sitting or standing postion. The likelyhood of this increases when a person is hot, dehydrated, or taking BP medications. 7. shock is a condition in which BP is tooo low to sustain life. Examples: cardiogenic, septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic 8. genetic or environmental weakness of vein walls or valves leading to accumulation of blood in veins. Risk factors include pregnancy, obesity, standing occupations, family history. Symptoms: pain, throbbing in lower legs when standing, relieved with walking or elevation or massage. (deep massage of calves on a bed ridden patient can release blood clots and cause a stroke!!!) 9. caludication is the term that refers to the symptoms associated with atherosclerosis of lower body vessels (iliac arteries, femoral, popliteal, tibial, etc). Symptoms occur with LEG exercise (walking, biking, etc) and go away with rest.
500
Define these terms: 1. Atherosclerosis 2. Infarction 3. Palpitations 4. Heart failure 5. Cardiac arrest 6. Cardiogenic shock
What is 1. hardening of the artery due to fat (plaque) buildup 2. death of tissue (cerebral infarct, myocardial infarct) 3. fluttering in chest due to arrhythmia of heart 4. inadequate pumping out of blood from the heart 5. heart stops beating and no blood leaves the heart 6. heart pumps out soooo little blood as to leave the person with lethally low blood pressure (example 50/0)
500
1. What is anaphylactic shock and how is it treated? 2. What is rejection? 3. What is autoimmune disease (give an example).
1. What is massive allergic reaction causing whole body vasodilation and loss of blood pressure AND excessive congestion/constriction of airways preventing breathing Treated with epinephrine. 2. body sees something as foreign and attackes it. Generally refers to surgically implanted body parts from somebody else... 3. body makes antibodies to attack its own tissue (Type 1 diabetes (insulin producing cells in pancreas), multiple sclerosis (central nervous system myelin sheath), colitis (large intestine wall), rheumatoid arthritis (joints).
500
How is lymph moved? What are nonspecific barriers to infection?
What is skeletal muscle action, respiratory diaphragm movement and of course valves to prevent backflow. skin, sebum, perspiration, mucous membranes, tears, urine flow, vaginal secretions, saliva, gastric juice, also vomiting, defecation, coughing, sneezing
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