The Heart & Mediastinum
This structure allows the atria and ventricles to contract independently
What is the fibrous skeleton
This brachiocephalic vein is longer and leads to this heart structure
What is the left brachiocephalic veins and the superior vena cava
These two heart sounds are heard during a cardiac cycle and are indicative of these actions.
c
This blood vessel caries the greatest volume and this fraction of the blood
What are veins and 2/3 of the blood supply
The blood is made of these three components and their percentages
Plasma 55%, buffy coat (leukocytes & platelets) <1%, and erythrocytes 45%
This blood vessel supplies the interventricular septum.
What is the anterior interventricular artery or left anterior descending artery
These characteristics can differentiate arteries from veins
What are more elastic fibers, thicker tunica media (more smooth muscle), developed external elastic lamina and round lumen in arteries. What are thicker tunica adventitia, flatter lumen, and higher volume lumen in veins.
This key feature differentiates the action potential between neurons and cardiac myocytes
What is the plateau phase caused by L-type (long-lasting) voltage-dependent calcium channels
Edema is defined as this and caused by changes in these forces in the capillaries.
What is accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial space. What are increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure, decrease in plasma oncotic pressure, increase in interstitial fluid oncotic pressure, and decreased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
These two tests measure the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation cascade respectively
What are prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time
Functional end arteries can be defined as this
What are arteries where anastomosis exists but are insufficient to maintain adequate supply
The vertebral arteries originate from this artery and travel through these structures to the foramen magnum.
What is the subclavian artery and transverse foramen.
These two receptors are responsible for major calcium release in cardiomyocytes and calcium reuptake respectively
What are ryanodine receptors and SERCA channels
These molecules are able to pass through both fenestrated capillaries and between adjacent endothelial cells but not the cell membrane.
What are water molecules, ions, and small molecules like glucose.
Left shift is characterized by the presence of what and an indicator of this disease
What is an abnormal and increased presence of neutrophil precursor cells in the blood and reactive neutrophilia
The pericardium is composed of these layers and have serous components from these layers.
What is the epicardium/visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium, and fibrous pericardium where the parietal pericardium and epicardium secrete serous fluid into the pericardial space.
The left common iliac veins drains to these areas.
What are the ascending lumbar vein and inferior vena cava
Isovolumetric contraction is found at this point on an ECG and is involves these mechanical events
What is the QRS complex and closer of the AV valve alongside ventricular contraction
You are an astronaut and crash onto a foreign planet, which is identical to earth but the laws of physics have been reversed and now speed is positively related to surface area. Given this information what would the implications be to nutrient exchange?
Blood volume would increase in the capillaries resulting in less effective nutrient exchange thus poor oxygenation of peripheral tissues.
Myeloid stem cells give rise to these major components of the blood.
What are Erythrocytes, Platelets, Granulocytes (Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils)